Graphics gems
An object-oriented 3D graphics toolkit
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
ARCBALL: a user interface for specifying three-dimensional orientation using a mouse
Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '92
Evaluation of techniques for specifying 3D rotations with a 2D input device
HCI '95 Proceedings of the HCI'95 conference on People and computers X
Usability analysis of 3D rotation techniques
Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Exploring bimanual camera control and object manipulation in 3D graphics interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A study in interactive 3-D rotation using 2-D control devices
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Making nested rotations convenient for the user
SIGGRAPH '78 Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Interactive visualization for neck-dissection planning
EUROVIS'05 Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Eurographics / IEEE VGTC conference on Visualization
An empirical evaluation of interactive visualizations for preferential choice
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Gef3D: a framework for two-, two-and-a-half-, and three-dimensional graphical editors
Proceedings of the 4th ACM symposium on Software visualization
A study of direct versus planned 3D camera manipulation on touch-based mobile phones
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
Hands on music: physical approach to interaction with digital music
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
A user interface for VR-ready 3D medical imaging by off-the-shelf input devices
Computers in Biology and Medicine
The effect of stereoscopy and motion cues on 3D interpretation task performance
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on 3D Web Technology
Adaptive script based animations for intervention planning
MICCAI'06 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - Volume Part I
Story telling for presentation in volume visualization
EUROVIS'07 Proceedings of the 9th Joint Eurographics / IEEE VGTC conference on Visualization
A one-handed multi-touch mating method for 3d rotations
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating the efficiency of physical visualizations
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Due to the progress in computer graphics hardware high resolution 3d models may be explored at interactive frame rates, and facilities to explore them are a part of modern radiological workstations and therapy planning systems. Despite their advantages, 3d visualizations are only employed by a minority of potential users and even these employ 3d visualizations for a few selected tasks only. We hypothesize that this results from a lack of intuitive interaction techniques for 3d rotation. In this paper, we compare existing techniques with respect to design principles derived by clinical applications and present results of an empirical study. These results are relevant beyond clinical applications and strongly suggest that the presented design principles are crucial for comfortable and predictable interaction techniques for 3d rotation.