Facial animation in a nutshell: past, present and future
SAICSIT '06 Proceedings of the 2006 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists on IT research in developing countries
A survey of affect recognition methods: audio, visual and spontaneous expressions
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Emotionally aware automated portrait painting
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Digital Interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts
A Simple Model for Human-Robot Emotional Interaction
KES '07 Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems and the XVII Italian Workshop on Neural Networks on Proceedings of the 11th International Conference
Overview of automatic facial expressions analysis
VIIP '07 The Seventh IASTED International Conference on Visualization, Imaging and Image Processing
Recognizing facial expression using particle filter based feature points tracker
PReMI'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Pattern recognition and machine intelligence
Incremental perspective motion model for rigid and non-rigid motion separation
PSIVT'07 Proceedings of the 2nd Pacific Rim conference on Advances in image and video technology
Image ratio features for facial expression recognition application
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics - Special issue on game theory
Artificial Life and Robotics
Analysis of landmarks in recognition of face expressions
Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis
Human facial expression recognition using hybrid network of PCA and RBFN
ICANN'06 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Artificial Neural Networks - Volume Part II
Ambient Intelligence in Everyday Life
Machine Recognition of Music Emotion: A Review
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)
Lip pattern in the interpretation of human emotions
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing
Facial expression recognition using geometric and appearance features
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Internet Multimedia Computing and Service
Multi-view facial expression recognition analysis with generic sparse coding feature
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
ICONIP'12 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part IV
Emotion recognition using the emotiv EPOC device
ICONIP'12 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part V
A dynamic approach for detecting naturalistic affective states from facial videos during HCI
AI'12 Proceedings of the 25th Australasian joint conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Machine Learning for Interactive Systems: Bridging the Gap Between Perception, Action and Communication
Proceedings of the 2013 on Emotion recognition in the wild challenge and workshop
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A fully automated, multistage system for real-time recognition of facial expression is presented. The system uses facial motion to characterize monochrome frontal views of facial expressions and is able to operate effectively in cluttered and dynamic scenes, recognizing the six emotions universally associated with unique facial expressions, namely happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise, fear, and anger. Faces are located using a spatial ratio template tracker algorithm. Optical flow of the face is subsequently determined using a real-time implementation of a robust gradient model. The expression recognition system then averages facial velocity information over identified regions of the face and cancels out rigid head motion by taking ratios of this averaged motion. The motion signatures produced are then classified using Support Vector Machines as either nonexpressive or as one of the six basic emotions. The completed system is demonstrated in two simple affective computing applications that respond in real-time to the facial expressions of the user, thereby providing the potential for improvements in the interaction between a computer user and technology.