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DRAM errors in the wild: a large-scale field study
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BOOM: enabling mobile memory based low-power server DIMMs
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We describe CACTI-IO, an extension to CACTI [4] that includes power, area and timing models for the IO and PHY of the off-chip memory interface for various server and mobile configurations. CACTI-IO enables design space exploration of the off-chip IO along with the DRAM and cache parameters. We describe the models added and three case studies that use CACTI-IO to study the tradeoffs between memory capacity, bandwidth and power. The case studies show that CACTI-IO helps (i) provide IO power numbers that can be fed into a system simulator for accurate power calculations, (ii) optimize off-chip configurations including the bus width, number of ranks, memory data width and off-chip bus frequency, especially for novel buffer-based topologies, and (iii) enable architects to quickly explore new interconnect technologies, including 3-D interconnect. We find that buffers on board and 3-D technologies offer an attractive design space involving power, bandwidth and capacity when appropriate interconnect parameters are deployed.