Managing energy and server resources in hosting centers
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Dynamic frequency and voltage control for a multiple clock domain microarchitecture
Proceedings of the 35th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Single-ISA Heterogeneous Multi-Core Architectures: The Potential for Processor Power Reduction
Proceedings of the 36th annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Best of Both Latency and Throughput
ICCD '04 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Design
Aide de camp: asymmetric multi-core design for dynamic thermal management
Aide de camp: asymmetric multi-core design for dynamic thermal management
Mitigating Amdahl's Law through EPI Throttling
Proceedings of the 32nd annual international symposium on Computer Architecture
Ensemble-level Power Management for Dense Blade Servers
Proceedings of the 33rd annual international symposium on Computer Architecture
Power provisioning for a warehouse-sized computer
Proceedings of the 34th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Energy-aware server provisioning and load dispatching for connection-intensive internet services
NSDI'08 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation
PowerNap: eliminating server idle power
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Wikipedia workload analysis for decentralized hosting
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Somniloquy: augmenting network interfaces to reduce PC energy usage
NSDI'09 Proceedings of the 6th USENIX symposium on Networked systems design and implementation
FAWN: a fast array of wimpy nodes
Proceedings of the ACM SIGOPS 22nd symposium on Operating systems principles
An energy case for hybrid datacenters
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Analyzing the energy efficiency of a database server
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data
Web search using mobile cores: quantifying and mitigating the price of efficiency
Proceedings of the 37th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
MemScale: active low-power modes for main memory
Proceedings of the sixteenth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Power management of online data-intensive services
Proceedings of the 38th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Clearing the clouds: a study of emerging scale-out workloads on modern hardware
ASPLOS XVII Proceedings of the seventeenth international conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems
DreamWeaver: architectural support for deep sleep
ASPLOS XVII Proceedings of the seventeenth international conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems
Achieving power-efficiency in clusters without distributed file system complexity
ISCA'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Computer Architecture
Towards energy-proportional datacenter memory with mobile DRAM
Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
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Server energy proportionality has been improving over the past several years. Many components in a system, such as CPU, memory and disk, have been achieving good energy proportionality behavior. Using a wide range of server power data from the published SPEC power data we show that the overall system energy proportionality has reached 80%. We present two novel metrics, linear deviation and proportionality gap, that provide insights into accurately quantifying energy proportionality. Using these metrics we show that energy proportionality improvements are not uniform across various server utilization levels. In particular, the energy proportionality of even a highly proportional server suffers significantly at non-zero but low utilizations. We propose to tackle the lack of energy proportionality at low utilization using server-level heterogeneity. We present Knight Shift, a server-level heterogenous server architecture that introduces an active low power mode, through the addition of a tightly-coupled compute node called the Knight, enabling two energy-efficient operating regions. We evaluated Knight Shift against a variety of real-world data center workloads using a combination of prototyping and simulation, showing up to 75% energy savings with tail latency bounded by the latency of the Knight and up to 14% improvement to Performance per TCO dollar spent.