Software errors and complexity: an empirical investigation0
Communications of the ACM
Application of software inspection methodology in design and code
Proc. of a symposium on Software validation: inspection-testing-verification-alternatives
Identifying Error-Prone Software An Empirical Study
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Multivariate statistical methods: a primer
Multivariate statistical methods: a primer
A critique of cyclomatic complexity as a software metric
Software Engineering Journal
Managing the software process
Regression modelling of software quality: empirical investigation
Journal of Electronic Materials
Prediction and control of ADA software defects
Journal of Systems and Software - An Oregon workshop on software metrics
An evaluation of some design metrics
Software Engineering Journal - Special issue: on software reliability and metrics
Software quality assurance activities in Japan
Japanese perspectives in software engineering
Applied software measurement: assuring productivity and quality
Applied software measurement: assuring productivity and quality
Japan's software factories: a challenge to U.S. management
Japan's software factories: a challenge to U.S. management
A case history analysis of software error cause-effect relationships
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
The cleanroom approach to quality software development
The cleanroom approach to quality software development
The Detection of Fault-Prone Programs
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Practical software metrics for project management and process improvement
Practical software metrics for project management and process improvement
Science and Substance: A Challenge to Software Engineers
IEEE Software
On the Use of Testability Measures for Dependability Assessment
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
A Validation of Object-Oriented Design Metrics as Quality Indicators
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Software metrics (2nd ed.): a rigorous and practical approach
Software metrics (2nd ed.): a rigorous and practical approach
Predicting Fault-Prone Software Modules in Telephone Switches
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Elements of Software Science (Operating and programming systems series)
Elements of Software Science (Operating and programming systems series)
New Ways to Get Accurate Reliability Measures
IEEE Software
Software Testability: The New Verification
IEEE Software
Reexamining the Fault Density-Component Size Connection
IEEE Software
How Software Process Improvement Helped Motorola
IEEE Software
A Metrics Suite for Object Oriented Design
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Quantitative Analysis of Faults and Failures in a Complex Software System
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Experiments with computer software complexity and reliability
ICSE '82 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Software engineering
M.H. Halstead's Software Science - a critical examination
ICSE '82 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Software engineering
Some Misconceptions About Lines of Code
METRICS '97 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Software Metrics
Software reliability and dependability: a roadmap
Proceedings of the Conference on The Future of Software Engineering
Proceedings of the Conference on The Future of Software Engineering
Process maturity and software quality: a field study
ICIS '00 Proceedings of the twenty first international conference on Information systems
Economics of software verification
PASTE '01 Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGPLAN-SIGSOFT workshop on Program analysis for software tools and engineering
The Confounding Effect of Class Size on the Validity of Object-Oriented Metrics
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
The Optimal Class Size for Object-Oriented Software
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Deriving models of software fault-proneness
SEKE '02 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Software engineering and knowledge engineering
An empirical evaluation of fault-proneness models
Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Software Engineering
Rules and Tools for Software Evolution Planning and Management
Annals of Software Engineering
A General Model of Unit Testing Efficacy
Software Quality Control
Software Measurement: Uncertainty and Causal Modeling
IEEE Software
Quantitative Analysis of Faults and Failures in a Complex Software System
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Quality, Productivity, and Learning in Framework-Based Development: An Exploratory Case Study
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Software Development Bug Tracking: "Tool Isn't User Friendly" or "User Isn't Process Friendly"
ECSQ '02 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Software Quality
Learning How to Improve Effort Estimation in Small Software Development Companies
COMPSAC '00 24th International Computer Software and Applications Conference
Probabilistic Modelling for Software Quality Control
ECSQARU '01 Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty
Reliability-Oriented Product Line Engineering of Embedded Systems
PFE '01 Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Software Product-Family Engineering
Software Reliability Corroboration
SEW '02 Proceedings of the 27th Annual NASA Goddard Software Engineering Workshop (SEW-27'02)
Thresholds for Object-Oriented Measures
ISSRE '00 Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering
An empirical comparison and characterization of high defect and high complexity modules
Journal of Systems and Software
New Directions in Measurement for Software Quality Control
STEP '02 Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Software Technology and Engineering Practice
A Ranking of Software Engineering Measures Based on Expert Opinion
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
An Empirical Validation of Object-Oriented Metrics in Two Different Iterative Software Processes
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Using Machine Learning for Estimating the Defect Content After an Inspection
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Empirical Analysis of Safety-Critical Anomalies During Operations
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Building large-scale Bayesian networks
The Knowledge Engineering Review
IEEE Software
Empirical Software Engineering
Journal of Systems and Software
Scenario-Based Assessment of Nonfunctional Requirements
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Automated population of causal models for improved software risk assessment
Proceedings of the 20th IEEE/ACM international Conference on Automated software engineering
Software Defect Association Mining and Defect Correction Effort Prediction
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Mining metrics to predict component failures
Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Software engineering
Empirical relation between coupling and attackability in software systems:: a case study on DOS
Proceedings of the 2006 workshop on Programming languages and analysis for security
Using fault slippage measurement for monitoring software process quality during development
Proceedings of the 2006 international workshop on Software quality
Optimal release time: numbers or intuition?
Proceedings of the 2006 international workshop on Software quality
Simulated annealing for improving software quality prediction
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Predicting software defects in varying development lifecycles using Bayesian nets
Information and Software Technology
The When-Who-How analysis of defects for improving the quality control process
Journal of Systems and Software
Predicting object-oriented software maintainability using multivariate adaptive regression splines
Journal of Systems and Software
Journal of Systems and Software
Empirical Analysis of Object-Oriented Design Metrics for Predicting High and Low Severity Faults
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Spam Filter Based Approach for Finding Fault-Prone Software Modules
MSR '07 Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories
Empirical Analysis of Software Fault Content and Fault Proneness Using Bayesian Methods
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Regression via Classification applied on software defect estimation
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Improving fault detection in modified code: a study from the telecommunication industry
Journal of Computer Science and Technology
Assessing maintainability change over multiple software releases
Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice
Mining software repositories for comprehensible software fault prediction models
Journal of Systems and Software
A new algorithm in assembly for component-based software using dependency chart
International Journal of Information Systems and Change Management
Predicting weekly defect inflow in large software projects based on project planning and test status
Information and Software Technology
Proceedings of the 30th international conference on Software engineering
Towards a generic model for software quality prediction
Proceedings of the 6th international workshop on Software quality
On the relation of refactorings and software defect prediction
Proceedings of the 2008 international working conference on Mining software repositories
Data sets and data quality in software engineering
Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on Predictor models in software engineering
Implications of ceiling effects in defect predictors
Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on Predictor models in software engineering
Tests for consistent measurement of external subjective software quality attributes
Empirical Software Engineering
Exposure model for prediction of number of customer reported defects
Proceedings of the Second ACM-IEEE international symposium on Empirical software engineering and measurement
On the effectiveness of early life cycle defect prediction with Bayesian Nets
Empirical Software Engineering
Theory of relative defect proneness
Empirical Software Engineering
Can developer-module networks predict failures?
Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of software engineering
Is it a bug or an enhancement?: a text-based approach to classify change requests
CASCON '08 Proceedings of the 2008 conference of the center for advanced studies on collaborative research: meeting of minds
Analysing Bug Prediction Capabilities of Static Code Metrics in Open Source Software
IWSM/Metrikon/Mensura '08 Proceedings of the International Conferences on Software Process and Product Measurement
A defect prediction method for software versioning
Software Quality Control
Modeling software evolution defects: a time series approach
Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice
On modeling software defect repair time
Empirical Software Engineering
Should we try to measure software quality attributes directly?
Software Quality Control
Data mining source code for locating software bugs: A case study in telecommunication industry
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
A systematic literature review to identify and classify software requirement errors
Information and Software Technology
Validation of network measures as indicators of defective modules in software systems
PROMISE '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Predictor Models in Software Engineering
PROMISE '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Predictor Models in Software Engineering
Misclassification cost-sensitive fault prediction models
PROMISE '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Predictor Models in Software Engineering
How to avoid drastic software process change (using stochastic stability)
ICSE '09 Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Software Engineering
Proceedings of the the 7th joint meeting of the European software engineering conference and the ACM SIGSOFT symposium on The foundations of software engineering
Improved decision-making for software managers using Bayesian networks
SEA '07 Proceedings of the 11th IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering and Applications
What's up with software metrics? - A preliminary mapping study
Journal of Systems and Software
Information Technology and Management
Evaluating the Impact of UML Modeling on Software Quality: An Industrial Case Study
MODELS '09 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems
Improving IT Change Management Processes with Automated Risk Assessment
DSOM '09 Proceedings of the 20th IFIP/IEEE International Workshop on Distributed Systems: Operations and Management: Integrated Management of Systems, Services, Processes and People in IT
Empirical Evaluation of Hunk Metrics as Bug Predictors
IWSM '09 /Mensura '09 Proceedings of the International Conferences on Software Process and Product Measurement
A framework for evaluating a software bidding model
Information and Software Technology
An application of Bayesian network for predicting object-oriented software maintainability
Information and Software Technology
Empirical validation of object-oriented metrics for predicting fault proneness models
Software Quality Control
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Some architectural features of ada systems affecting defects
Ada-Europe'03 Proceedings of the 8th Ada-Europe international conference on Reliable software technologies
Quality prediction and assessment for product lines
CAiSE'03 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Advanced information systems engineering
A fuzzy-based meta-model for reasoning about the number of software defects
IFSA'03 Proceedings of the 10th international fuzzy systems association World Congress conference on Fuzzy sets and systems
EQ-mine: predicting short-term defects for software evolution
FASE'07 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Fundamental approaches to software engineering
Predicting software defect density: a case study on automated static code analysis
XP'07 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Agile processes in software engineering and extreme programming
An FIS for early detection of defect prone modules
ICIC'09 Proceedings of the Intelligent computing 5th international conference on Emerging intelligent computing technology and applications
Quantitatively managing defects for iterative projects: an industrial experience report in China
ICSP'08 Proceedings of the Software process, 2008 international conference on Making globally distributed software development a success story
A domain analysis to specify design defects and generate detection algorithms
FASE'08/ETAPS'08 Proceedings of the Theory and practice of software, 11th international conference on Fundamental approaches to software engineering
Variance analysis in software fault prediction models
ISSRE'09 Proceedings of the 20th IEEE international conference on software reliability engineering
Dependability metrics
A large-scale empirical study of practitioners' use of object-oriented concepts
Proceedings of the 32nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering - Volume 1
Penalty policies in professional software development practice: a multi-method field study
Proceedings of the 32nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering - Volume 2
Empirical Software Engineering
Semantic web enabled software analysis
Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web
Information and Software Technology
Ensemble missing data techniques for software effort prediction
Intelligent Data Analysis
Defect prediction from static code features: current results, limitations, new approaches
Automated Software Engineering
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement
Information and Software Technology
Information and Software Technology
Testing the theory of relative defect proneness for closed-source software
Empirical Software Engineering
A novel composite model approach to improve software quality prediction
Information and Software Technology
The relationship between search based software engineering and predictive modeling
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Predictive Models in Software Engineering
Towards identifying software project clusters with regard to defect prediction
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Predictive Models in Software Engineering
Better, faster, and cheaper: what is better software?
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Predictive Models in Software Engineering
Prediction of defect distribution based on project characteristics for proactive project management
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Predictive Models in Software Engineering
An approach for early prediction of software reliability
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
An integrated approach to detect fault-prone modules using complexity and text feature metrics
AST/UCMA/ISA/ACN'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Advances in computer science and information technology
A second look at Faster, Better, Cheaper
Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering
Fault tree synthesis from UML models for reliability analysis at early design stages
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
BDTEX: A GQM-based Bayesian approach for the detection of antipatterns
Journal of Systems and Software
A quality model for conceptual models of MDD environments
Advances in Software Engineering - Special issue on new generation of software metrics
Advances in Software Engineering - Special issue on new generation of software metrics
Software quality models: purposes, usage scenarios and requirements
WOSQ'09 Proceedings of the Seventh ICSE conference on Software quality
Mining software defect data to support software testing management
Applied Intelligence
Comparing fine-grained source code changes and code churn for bug prediction
Proceedings of the 8th Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories
A bayesian network based approach for software defects prediction
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
Software defect detection with rocus
Journal of Computer Science and Technology
Assessing the maintainability of software product line feature models using structural metrics
Software Quality Control
An industrial case study of classifier ensembles for locating software defects
Software Quality Control
Defect detection effectiveness and product quality in global software development
PROFES'11 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Product-focused software process improvement
A diagnostic reasoning approach to defect prediction
IEA/AIE'11 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Industrial engineering and other applications of applied intelligent systems conference on Modern approaches in applied intelligence - Volume Part II
Application and evaluation of inductive reasoning methods for the semantic web and software analysis
RW'11 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Reasoning web: semantic technologies for the web of data
A fuzzy expert system architecture for capability assessments in skill-based environments
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
A framework for defect prediction in specific software project contexts
CEE-SET'08 Proceedings of the Third IFIP TC 2 Central and East European conference on Software engineering techniques
SHADD: A scenario-based approach to software architectural defects detection
Advances in Engineering Software
Software defect prediction using fuzzy support vector regression
ISNN'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advances in Neural Networks - Volume Part II
Searching for rules to detect defective modules: A subgroup discovery approach
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Information Sciences: an International Journal
FM'06 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Formal Methods
Identification of defect-prone classes in telecommunication software systems using design metrics
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Improving robustness testing of COTS OS extensions
ISAS'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Service Availability
Idea: a feasibility study in model based prediction of impact of changes on system quality
ESSoS'10 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Engineering Secure Software and Systems
Accounting for defect characteristics in evaluations of testing techniques
ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM)
Journal of Systems and Software
Predicting short-term defect inflow in large software projects: an initial evaluation
EASE'07 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering
Time variance and defect prediction in software projects
Empirical Software Engineering
Maintainability prediction of object-oriented software system by multilayer perceptron model
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
Assessing practical usefulness and performance of the PREDIQT method: An industrial case study
Information and Software Technology
SAFECOMP'07 Proceedings of the 26th international conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security
The design of polynomial function-based neural network predictors for detection of software defects
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Integrating Production Automation Expert Knowledge Across Engineering Domains
International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies
Predicting aging-related bugs using software complexity metrics
Performance Evaluation
A prototype for web services reliability prediction
International Journal of Information and Communication Technology
Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Software Engineering
Ant colony based approach to predict stock market movement from mood collected on Twitter
Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining
Performance and reliability prediction for evolving service-oriented software systems
Empirical Software Engineering
A study of subgroup discovery approaches for defect prediction
Information and Software Technology
Investigating of high and low impact faults in object-oriented projects
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
Software defect prediction using Bayesian networks
Empirical Software Engineering
Prediction of faults-slip-through in large software projects: an empirical evaluation
Software Quality Control
DConfusion: a technique to allow cross study performance evaluation of fault prediction studies
Automated Software Engineering
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Many organizations want to predict the number of defects (faults) in software systems, before they are deployed, to gauge the likely delivered quality and maintenance effort. To help in this numerous software metrics and statistical models have been developed, with a correspondingly large literature. We provide a critical review of this literature and the state-of-the-art. Most of the wide range of prediction models use size and complexity metrics to predict defects. Others are based on testing data, the "quality" of the development process, or take a multivariate approach. The authors of the models have often made heroic contributions to a subject otherwise bereft of empirical studies. However, there are a number of serious theoretical and practical problems in many studies. The models are weak because of their inability to cope with the, as yet, unknown relationship between defects and failures. There are fundamental statistical and data quality problems that undermine model validity. More significantly many prediction models tend to model only part of the underlying problem and seriously misspecify it. To illustrate these points the "Goldilock's Conjecture," that there is an optimum module size, is used to show the considerable problems inherent in current defect prediction approaches. Careful and considered analysis of past and new results shows that the conjecture lacks support and that some models are misleading. We recommend holistic models for software defect prediction, using Bayesian Belief Networks, as alternative approaches to the single-issue models used at present. We also argue for research into a theory of "software decomposition" in order to test hypotheses about defect introduction and help construct a better science of software engineering.