The DigitalDesk calculator: tangible manipulation on a desk top display
UIST '91 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
QuickSet: multimodal interaction for distributed applications
MULTIMEDIA '97 Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Is paper safer? The role of paper flight strips in air traffic control
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on interface design for safety-critical interactive systems: when there is no room for user error
Something from nothing: augmenting a paper-based work practice via multimodal interaction
DARE '00 Proceedings of DARE 2000 on Designing augmented reality environments
Creating tangible interfaces by augmenting physical objects with multimodal language
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Technology in Action
“Put-that-there”: Voice and gesture at the graphics interface
SIGGRAPH '80 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A visual modality for the augmentation of paper
Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on Perceptive user interfaces
The efficiency of multimodal interaction for a map-based task
ANLC '00 Proceedings of the sixth conference on Applied natural language processing
Unification-based multimodal parsing
COLING '98 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
From members to teams to committee-a robust approach to gestural and multimodal recognition
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Sketching for military courses of action diagrams
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Flexi-Modal and Multi-Machine User Interfaces
ICMI '02 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces
Tangible multimodal interfaces for safety-critical applications
Communications of the ACM - Multimodal interfaces that flex, adapt, and persist
Papier-Mache: toolkit support for tangible input
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A taxonomy for and analysis of tangible interfaces
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
PINS push in and POUTS pop out: creating a tangible pin-board that ejects physical documents
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Multimodal user interface facilitating critical data entry for traffic incident management
MMUI '05 Proceedings of the 2005 NICTA-HCSNet Multimodal User Interaction Workshop - Volume 57
Human-centered collaborative interaction
Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Human-centered multimedia
Shared family calendars: Promoting symmetry and accessibility
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
A computer support tool for the early stages of architectural design
Interacting with Computers
Back stage on the front lines: perspectives and performance in the combat information center
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Design TeamMate: a platform to support design activities of small teams
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
WebTicket: account management using printable tokens
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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In command posts, officers maintain situational awareness using paper maps, Post-it notes, and hand-written annotations. They do so because paper is robust to failure, it is portable, it offers a flexible means of capturing information, it has ultra-high resolution, and it readily supports face-to-face collaboration. We report herein on an evaluation comparing maps and Post-its with a tangible multimodal system called Rasa. Rasa augments these paper tools with sensors, enabling it to recognize the multimodal language (both written and spoken) that naturally occurs on them. In this study, we found that not only do users prefer Rasa to paper alone, they find it as easy or easier to use than paper tools. Moreover, Rasa introduces no discernible overhead in its operation other than error repair, yet grants the benefits inherent in digital systems. Finally, subjects confirmed that by combining physical and computational tools, Rasa is resistant to computational failure