Communications of the ACM - Special issue on computer augmented environments: back to the real world
Toolglass and magic lenses: the see-through interface
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Passive real-world interface props for neurosurgical visualization
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bricks: laying the foundations for graspable user interfaces
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tilting operations for small screen interfaces
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Tangible bits: towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Squeeze me, hold me, tilt me! An exploration of manipulative user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Triangles: tangible interface for manipulation and exploration of digital information topography
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Digital manipulatives: new toys to think with
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
When the interface is a talking dinosaur: learning across media with ActiMates Barney
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Illuminating light: an optical design tool with a luminous-tangible interface
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tangible progress: less is more in Somewire audio spaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Logjam: a tangible multi-person interface for video logging
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Sympathetic interfaces: using a plush toy to direct synthetic characters
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Palette: a paper interface for giving presentations
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bridging physical and virtual worlds with electronic tags
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Urp: a luminous-tangible workbench for urban planning and design
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
PingPongPlus: design of an athletic-tangible interface for computer-supported cooperative play
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
curlybot: designing a new class of computational toys
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Embodied user interfaces for really direct manipulation
Communications of the ACM
ToolStone: effective use of the physical manipulation vocabularies of input devices
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Listen reader: an electronically augmented paper-based book
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Surface drawing: creating organic 3D shapes with the hand and tangible tools
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
DataTiles: a modular platform for mixed physical and graphical interactions
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Connectables: dynamic coupling of displays for the flexible creation of shared workspaces
Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Haptic techniques for media control
Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Phidgets: easy development of physical interfaces through physical widgets
Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A tangible interface for organizing information using a grid
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Cognitive cubes: a tangible user interface for cognitive assessment
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Illuminating clay: a 3-D tangible interface for landscape analysis
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Comparing paper and tangible, multimodal tools
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Navigational blocks: tangible navigation of digital information
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CUBIK: a bi-directional tangible modeling interface
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Where the action is: the foundations of embodied interaction
Where the action is: the foundations of embodied interaction
TICLE: a tangible interface for collaborative learning environments
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GuideShoes: navigation based on musical patterns
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bringing sketching tools to keychain computers with an acceleration-based interface
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
StoryMat: a play space for collaborative storytelling
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A tangible interface for controlling robotic toys
CHI '00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The embroidered musical ball: a squeezable instrument for expressive performance
CHI '00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
LumiTouch: an emotional communication device
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Heuristic evaluation of ambient displays
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Embodied User Interfaces: Towards Invisible User Interfaces
Proceedings of the IFIP TC2/TC13 WG2.7/WG13.4 Seventh Working Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction
Design studies for a financial management system for micro-credit groups in rural india
CUU '03 Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Universal usability
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
I/O brush: drawing with everyday objects as ink
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Topobo: a constructive assembly system with kinetic memory
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tangible interface for collaborative information retrieval
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Developing tangible interaction and augmented reality in director
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Design of spatially aware graspable displays
CHI EA '97 CHI '97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tangible newspaper for the visually impaired users
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Ontology-Based User Modeling in an Augmented Audio Reality System for Museums
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Getting a grip on tangible interaction: a framework on physical space and social interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Finding design qualities in a tangible programming space
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mixed reality: a model of mixed interaction
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
How bodies matter: five themes for interaction design
DIS '06 Proceedings of the 6th conference on Designing Interactive systems
The convertible podium: a rich media teaching tool for next-generation classrooms
SIGGRAPH '05 ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Educators program
Image schemas and their metaphorical extensions: intuitive patterns for tangible interaction
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Do tangible interfaces enhance learning?
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Affordances for manipulation of physical versus digital media on interactive surfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Reality-based interaction: unifying the new generation of interaction styles
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Introducing tangerine: a tangible interactive natural environment
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Multimedia
Movement-based interaction in camera spaces: a conceptual framework
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Situated play in a tangible interface and adaptive audio museum guide
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
AudioCubes: a distributed cube tangible interface based on interaction range for sound design
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
A representation approach to conceptualizing tangible learning environments
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Making sense of group interaction in an ambient intelligent environment for physical play
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Towards a new set of ideals: consequences of the practice turn in tangible interaction
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Reality-based interaction: a framework for post-WIMP interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Slurp: tangibility spatiality and an eyedropper
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Experiencing real-world interaction: results from a NFC user experience field trial
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Physical handles at the interactive surface: exploring tangibility and its benefits
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Tinkering or Sketching: Apprentices' Use of Tangibles and Drawings to Solve Design Problems
EC-TEL '08 Proceedings of the 3rd European conference on Technology Enhanced Learning: Times of Convergence: Technologies Across Learning Contexts
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Preface to the Focus Theme Section: 'Smart Products'
Electronic Markets
Interacting with Computers
Of pages and paddles: Children's expectations and mistaken interactions with physical-digital tools
Interacting with Computers
The effect of representation location on interaction in a tangible learning environment
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction
Designing pen-and-paper user interfaces for interaction with documents
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction
TinkerSheets: using paper forms to control and visualize tangible simulations
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction
Do the blocks rock: a tangible interface for play and exploration
Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Designing for Habitus and Habitat
Understanding engagement with tangible user interfaces
Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Designing for Habitus and Habitat
Interagir avec un objet mixte: propriétés physique et numérique
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Out of the box: exploring the richness of children's use of an interactive table
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
Children and embodied interaction: seeking common ground
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
Mobile Device Interaction with Force Sensing
Pervasive '09 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Pervasive Computing
Framing tangible interaction frameworks
Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing
Modeling Multimodal Interaction for Performance Evaluation
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part II: Novel Interaction Methods and Techniques
Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Putting the physical into the digital: issues in designing hybrid interactive surfaces
Proceedings of the 23rd British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: Celebrating People and Technology
Using augmentations as bridges from concrete to abstract representations
Proceedings of the 23rd British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: Celebrating People and Technology
Towards tabletop interaction with everyday artifacts via pressure imaging
Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction
Creative idea exploration within the structure of a guiding framework: the card brainstorming game
Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction
Tangible jukebox: back to palpable music
Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction
Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces
When three worlds collide: a model of the tangible interaction process
OZCHI '09 Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Australian Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group: Design: Open 24/7
Clutching at straws: using tangible interaction to provide non-visual access to graphs
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tangible User Interfaces: Past, Present, and Future Directions
Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction
Meta-user interfaces for ambient spaces
TAMODIA'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Task models and diagrams for users interface design
ArcheoTUI—Driving virtual reassemblies with tangible 3D interaction
Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (JOCCH)
SG'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Smart graphics
Concepts for life-like interactive objects
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction
A framework for the evaluation of digital musical instruments
Computer Music Journal
Workshop on embodied interaction: theory and practice in HCI
CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Investigating Phicon feedback in non-visual tangible user interfaces
CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
MACS: combination of a formal mixed interaction model with an informal creative session
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Towards informed metaphor selection for TUIs
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
NFC-based interactive learning environments for children
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
Interaction design teaching method design
HCII'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction: design and development approaches - Volume Part I
OP: a novel programming model for integrated design and prototyping of mixed objects
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part III
Is simplicity the key to engagement for children on the autism spectrum?
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
ChronoTape: tangible timelines for family history
Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
Don't forget about the sweat: effortful embodied interaction in support of learning
Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
A conceptual framework for camera phone-based interaction techniques
PERVASIVE'05 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Pervasive Computing
Investigating the effects of educational game with wii remote on outcomes of learning
Transactions on Edutainment III
ICCSA'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part IV
Tangibles for learning: a representational analysis of physical manipulation
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Shape-changing interfaces: a review of the design space and open research questions
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
KidCAD: digitally remixing toys through tangible tools
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Metaphor modelling for tangible interfaces evaluation
Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Independent exploration with tangibles for students with intellectual disabilities
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
Tangibles for students with intellectual disabilities
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
The role of physical controllers in motion video gaming
Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference
A pattern language for interactive tabletops in collaborative workspaces
Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs
KES-AMSTA'12 Proceedings of the 6th KES international conference on Agent and Multi-Agent Systems: technologies and applications
An experimental research project: wearable technology for embodiment of emotions
DPPI '11 Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces
ArcheoTUI - a tangible user interface for the virtual reassembly of fractured archeological objects
VAST'07 Proceedings of the 8th International conference on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Intelligent Cultural Heritage
Proceeding of the 16th International Academic MindTrek Conference
Tangible paper interfaces: interpreting pupils' manipulations
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces
Augmented reality and tangible user interfaces integration for enhancing the user experience
Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
Paper interfaces for learning geometry
EC-TEL'12 Proceedings of the 7th European conference on Technology Enhanced Learning
Tangible user interfaces for learning
International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning
A design space for ephemeral user interfaces
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
The role of cultural forms in tangible interaction design
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
Touch style: creativity in tangible experience design
Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Creativity & Cognition
Towards an ambient assisted living user interaction taxonomy
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Embodied metaphor elicitation through augmented-reality game design
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
An analysis of input-output relations in interaction with smart tangible objects
ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS) - Special issue on interaction with smart objects, Special section on eye gaze and conversation
Light on horizontal interactive surfaces: Input space for tabletop computing
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Hypnotist framing: hypnotic practice as a resource for poetic interaction design
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces
Designing augmented reality for the classroom
Computers & Education
Proceedings of the 25ième conférence francophone on l'Interaction Homme-Machine
Tangible autonomous interfaces (TAIs): exploring autonomous behaviours in TUIs
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
Skeu the evolution: skeuomorphs, style, and the material of tangible interactions
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
How does the tangible object affect motor skill learning?
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
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There have been many research efforts devoted to tangible user interfaces (TUIs), but it has proven difficult to create a definition or taxonomy that allows us to compare and contrast disparate research efforts, integrate TUIs with conventional interfaces, or suggest design principles for future efforts. To address this problem, we present a taxonomy, which uses metaphor and embodiment as its two axes. This 2D space treats tangibility as a spectrum rather than a binary quantity. The further from the origin, the more “tangible” a system is. We show that this spectrum-based taxonomy offers multiple advantages. It unifies previous categorizations and definitions, integrates the notion of “calm computing,” reveals a previously un-noticed trend in the field, and suggests design principles appropriate for different areas of the spectrum.