Free-form deformation of solid geometric models
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Good vibrations: modal dynamics for graphics and animation
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Future Generation Computer Systems
Dynamic real-time deformations using space & time adaptive sampling
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The Java 3d API Specification with Cdrom
The Java 3d API Specification with Cdrom
Computing in Science and Engineering
Craniofacial Surgery Simulation
VBC '96 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Visualization in Biomedical Computing
CA '99 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Haptics Issues in Virtual Environments
CGI '00 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics
Deformable object simulation in virtual environment
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM international conference on Virtual reality continuum and its applications
Virtual reality framework for medical training: implementation of a deformation class using Java
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM international conference on Virtual reality continuum and its applications
The impact of Web3D technologies on medical education and training
Computers & Education
An efficient and scalable deformable model for virtual reality-based medical applications
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
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Physically based models and simulation are usually computationally intensive and not suitable for real-time interactive virtual reality applications including on-line medical training and surgical simulation. In this paper, we propose and develop a web-based scalable deformable model by simulating deformation of soft tissues as a successive force propagation process. This approach avoids laborious formulation of stiffness matrices in conventional mass-spring models. Computational speed is optimized by taking into account only the nodes confined in localized deformation regions. Scalability is achieved by controlling the degree of localization. The model is applicable for simulating both hollow and volumetric objects. The proposed technique provides a scalable solution for web-based interactive applications involving soft tissues deformation.