Portholes: supporting awareness in a distributed work group
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of face-to-face and distributed presentations
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Floor control for large-scale MBone seminars
MULTIMEDIA '97 Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Visual Interpretation of Hand Gestures for Human-Computer Interaction: A Review
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
QoS impact on user perception and understanding of multimedia video clips
MULTIMEDIA '98 Proceedings of the sixth ACM international conference on Multimedia
The visual analysis of human movement: a survey
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
The effects of jitter on the peceptual quality of video
MULTIMEDIA '99 Proceedings of the seventh ACM international conference on Multimedia (Part 2)
Looking at People: Sensing for Ubiquitous and Wearable Computing
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Presenting to local and remote audiences: design and use of the TELEP system
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Impact of video frame rate on communicative behaviour in two and four party groups
CSCW '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Design of a virtual auditorium
MULTIMEDIA '01 Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Bi-level video: video communication at very low bit rates
MULTIMEDIA '01 Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Analyzing Facial Expressions for Virtual Conferencing
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
The role of the face in communication: Implications for videophone design
Interacting with Computers
Impact of video-mediated communication on simulated service encounters
Interacting with Computers
Design of a multi-sender 3D videoconferencing application over an end system multicast protocol
MULTIMEDIA '03 Proceedings of the eleventh ACM international conference on Multimedia
Visualizing the pulse of a classroom
MULTIMEDIA '03 Proceedings of the eleventh ACM international conference on Multimedia
Memory cues for meeting video retrieval
Proceedings of the the 1st ACM workshop on Continuous archival and retrieval of personal experiences
Java event broadcasting in CSCW environment
Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on Principles and practice of programming in Java
Designing a large-scale video chat application
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Attention by proxy? issues in audience awareness for webcasts to distributed groups
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Communication supporting system in a classroom environment for the hearing impaired
ICCHP'06 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs
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Multiparty videoconferencing with even a small number of people is often infeasible due to the high network bandwidth required. Bandwidth can be significantly reduced if most of the advantages of using full-motion video can be achieved with low-frame-rate video; unfortunately, the impact of low-frame-rate video on communication is relatively unexplored. We implemented a multiparty videoconferencing system that supports full-motion video, low-frame-rate video where the video is updated only once every few seconds, and a hybrid scheme where full-motion video is transmitted when the system detects that a user is making a gesture and low-frame-rate video is transmitted at all other times. We studied people using our system for small-group discussions and found that low-frame-rate video limited people's ability to request to speak or judge when to stop speaking. The hybrid scheme, conversely, was as effective as full-motion video for floor control, resulting in a similar number of speaker changes, while using only ten percent of the bandwidth.