Performance-driven facial animation
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Realistic modeling for facial animation
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Simulating facial surgery using finite element models
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Anatomy-based facial tissue modeling using the finite element method
Proceedings of the 7th conference on Visualization '96
Computer facial animation
Large steps in cloth simulation
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
An anthropometric face model using variational techniques
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Synthesizing realistic facial expressions from photographs
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interactive animation of structured deformable objects
Proceedings of the 1999 conference on Graphics interface '99
Analysis and Synthesis of Facial Image Sequences Using Physical and Anatomical Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Approximate simulation of elastic membranes by triangulated spring meshes
Journal of Graphics Tools
Animation of Synthetic Faces in MPEG-4
CA '98 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Skin Aging Estimation by Facial Simulation
CA '99 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
CVPR '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '96)
SIGGRAPH '81 Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Parameterized Models for Facial Animation
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Analysis and synthesis of facial image sequences in model-based image coding
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Generating personalized anatomy-based 3D facial models from scanned data
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
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In this paper we propose a new hierarchical 3D facial model that conforms to the human facial anatomy for realistic facial expression animation. The facial model has a hierarchical biomechanical structure, incorporating a physically-based approximation to facial skin tissue, a set of anatomically-motivated facial muscle actuators and underlying skull structure. The deformable skin model has multi-layer structure to approximate different types of soft tissue. It takes into account the nonlinear stress-strain relationship of the skin and the fact that soft tissue is almost incompressible. Different kinds of muscle models have been developed to simulate the distribution of the muscle force on the skin due to muscle contraction. By the presence of the skull model, our facial model takes advantage of both more accurate facial deformation and the consideration of facial anatomy during the interactive definition of facial muscles. Under the muscular force, the deformation of the facial skin is evaluated by solving the governing dynamic equation numerically. To improve computational efficiency, we use a localized, semi-implicit integration method which allows a larger time step to be taken in the simulation while retaining stability. The dynamic facial animation algorithm runs at an interactive rate with flexible and realistic facial expressions to be generated.