An analytic solution for the perspective 4-point problem
Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing
On temporal-spatial realism in the virtual reality environment
UIST '91 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Camera Calibration with Distortion Models and Accuracy Evaluation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A testbed for characterizing dynamic response of virtual environment spatial sensors
UIST '92 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Annotating the real world with knowledge-based graphics on a see-through head-mounted display
Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '92
Knowledge-based augmented reality
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on computer augmented environments: back to the real world
Autocalibration for virtual environments tracking hardware
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Improving static and dynamic registration in an optical see-through HMD
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Camera Calibration for Video See-Through Head-Mounted Display
Camera Calibration for Video See-Through Head-Mounted Display
The world through the computer: computer augmented interaction with real world environments
Proceedings of the 8th annual ACM symposium on User interface and software technology
Calibration Requirements and Procedures for a Monitor-Based Augmented Reality System
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Dynamic Registration Correction in Video-Based Augmented Reality Systems
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
VRAIS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS 96)
Smart Sight: A Tourist Assistant System
ISWC '99 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
A Marker Calibration Method Utilizing A Priori Knowledge on Marker Arrangement
ISMAR '04 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Robust camera pose estimation using 2d fiducials tracking for real-time augmented reality systems
VRCAI '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH international conference on Virtual Reality continuum and its applications in industry
WYSIWYF Display: A Visual/Haptic Interface to Virtual Environment
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
ISMAR '06 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
High-fidelity visuo-haptic interaction with virtual objects in multi-modal AR systems
ISMAR '06 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Technical Section: A generalized registration method for augmented reality systems
Computers and Graphics
Practical calibration procedures for augmented reality
EG VE'00 Proceedings of the 6th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
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This paper addresses the problem of correcting visual registration errors in video-based augmented-reality systems. Accurate visual registration between real and computer-generated objects in combined images is critically important for conveying the perception that both types of object occupy the same 3-dimensional (3D) space. To date, augmented-reality systems have concentrated on simply improving 3D coordinate system registration in order to improve apparent (image) registration error. This paper introduces the idea of dynamically measuring registration error in combined images (2D error) and using that information to correct 3D coordinate system registration error which in turn improves registration in the combined images. Registration can be made exact in every combined image if a small video delay can be tolerated. Our experimental augmented-reality system achieves improved image registration, stability, and error tolerance from tracking system drift and jitter over current augmented-reality systems. No additional tracking hardware or other devices are needed on the user's head-mounted display. Computer-generated objects can be "nailed" to real-world reference points in every image the user sees with an easily-implemented algorithm. Dynamic error correction as demonstrated here will likely be a key component of future augmented-reality systems.