Recognizing Human Facial Expressions From Long Image Sequences Using Optical Flow
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and Recognition of Facial Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Facial Asymmetry Quantification for Expression Invariant Human Identification
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Foundations of human computing: facial expression and emotion
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Real-time estimation of emotional experiences from facial expressions
Interacting with Computers
Individual differences in expressive response: a challenge for ECA design
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 3
Recognition of facial expressions using Gabor wavelets and learning vector quantization
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Emotion recognition using facial expressions with active appearance models
HCI '08 Proceedings of the Third IASTED International Conference on Human Computer Interaction
Human computer intelligent interaction using augmented cognition and emotional intelligence
ICVR'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Virtual reality
Assessing the uniqueness and permanence of facial actions for use in biometric applications
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans - Special issue on recent advances in biometrics
Foundations of human computing: facial expression and emotion
ICMI'06/IJCAI'07 Proceedings of the ICMI 2006 and IJCAI 2007 international conference on Artifical intelligence for human computing
Introducing EVG: an emotion evoking game
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Investigating the dynamics of facial expression
ISVC'06 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Advances in Visual Computing - Volume Part II
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The face can communicate varied personal information including subjective emotion, communicative intent, and cognitive appraisal. Accurate interpretation by observer or computer interface depends on attention to dynamic properties of the expression, context, and knowledge of what is normative for a given individual. In two separate studies, we investigated individual differences in the base rate of positive facial expression and in specific facial action units over intervals from 4- to 12 months. Facial expression was measured using convergent measures, including facial EMG, automatic feature-point tracking, and manual FACS coding. Individual differences in facial expression were stable over time, comparable in magnitude to stability of self-reported emotion, and sufficiently strong that individuals were recognized on the basis of their facial behavior alone at rates comparable to that for a commercial face recognition system (FaceIt from Identix). Facial action units convey unique information about person identity that can inform interpretation of psychological states, person recognition, and design of individuated avatars.