Online help systems: a conspectus
Communications of the ACM
Command abbreviation behavior in human-computer interaction
Communications of the ACM
A human/computer interface to accommodate user learning stages
Communications of the ACM
Software Engineering
Design principles for human-computer interfaces
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Soft machines: A philosophy of user-computer interface design
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Formal specifications for modeling and developing human/computer interfaces
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Design practice and interface usability: Evidence from interviews with designers
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing for usability—key principles and what designers think
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluation and analysis of users' activity organization
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A methodology for objectively evaluating error messages
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Changes that users demanded in the human interface to the Hermes Message System
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using examples to describe categories
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Command use and interface design
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Enhancing the usability of an Office Information System through direct manipulation
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The effects of positional constancy on searching menus for information
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Usable natural language interfaces through menu-based natural language understanding
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
How you tell your computer what you mean: Ostension in interactive systems
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An empirical methodology for writing user-friendly natural language computer applications
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Correcting misconceptions: What to say when the user is mistaken
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The user's perception of the interaction language: A two-level model
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Building effective help systems: modelling human help seeking behaviour
OZCHI '06 Proceedings of the 18th Australia conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Design: Activities, Artefacts and Environments
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People are continually creating and accessing internal representations of their current situation. I refer to this as their cognitive model. During an interaction with a computer system the person will form a cognitive model of the interaction that contains what he believes are the functions, capabilities and limitations of the system. An invalid or missing cognitive model will lead to user dis-satisfaction, a lack of confidence in the system and, hence, inefficient use of the system and human resources. The user interface, which includes off-line and on-line methods, is the link between the designer's conceptual model of the system's functions, capabilities and limitations and the user's cognitive model. The interface must present the system to the user in such a manner as to guide the user's cognitive model development to where it coincides with the designer's conceptual model. Awareness of the user's developing cognitive model will enable the production of a more effective human-computer interface.