The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: what you look at is what you get
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) - Special issue on computer—human interaction
Manual and gaze input cascaded (MAGIC) pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Intelligent gaze-added interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
GAZE-2: an attentive video conferencing system
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 2002 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
ETRA '02 Eye Tracking Research and Application
Differences in the infrared bright pupil response of human eyes
ETRA '02 Proceedings of the 2002 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Computer Vision
Modeling and Designing Heterogeneous Systems
Concurrency and Hardware Design, Advances in Petri Nets
A model-based gaze tracking system
IJSIS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Joint Symposia on Intelligence and Systems
Real-Time, Fully Automatic Upper Facial Feature Tracking
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
A perceptual user interface for recognizing head gesture acknowledgements
Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on Perceptive user interfaces
Editorial: special issue: eye detection and tracking
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
EyePoint: practical pointing and selection using gaze and keyboard
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GUIDe: gaze-enhanced UI design
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Reducing shoulder-surfing by using gaze-based password entry
Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on Usable privacy and security
A head-mounted sensor-based eye tracking device: eye touch system
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Snap clutch, a moded approach to solving the Midas touch problem
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Superpipelined high-performance optical-flow computation architecture
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
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Real-time eye detection is important for many HCI applications, including eye-gaze tracking, autostereoscopic displays, video conferencing, face detection, and recognition. Current commercial and research systems use software implementation and require a dedicated computer for the image-processing task--a large, expensive, and complicated-to-use solution. In order to make eye-gaze tracking ubiquitous, the system complexity, size, and price must be substantially reduced. This paper presents a hardware-based embedded system for eye detection, implemented using simple logic gates, with no CPU and no addressable frame buffers. The image-processing algorithm was redesigned to enable highly parallel, single-pass image-processing implementation. A prototype system uses a CMOS digital imaging sensor and an FPGA for the image processing. It processes 640 × 480 progressive scan frames at a 60 fps rate, and outputs a compact list of sub-pixel accurate (x,y) eyes coordinates via USB communication. Experimentation with detection of human eyes and synthetic targets are reported. This new logic design, operating at the sensor's pixel clock, is suitable for single-chip eye detection and eye-gaze tracking sensors, thus making an important step towards mass production, low cost systems.