SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Eye gaze patterns in conversations: there is more to conversational agents than meets the eyes
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GAZE-2: conveying eye contact in group video conferencing using eye-controlled camera direction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bottom-Up Visual Attention for Virtual Human Animation
CASA '03 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA 2003)
A Listening Agent Exhibiting Variable Behaviour
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Des agents virtuels sociaux et émotionnels pour l'interaction humain-machine
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Evaluating Perception of Interaction Initiation in Virtual Environments using Humanoid Agents
Proceedings of the 2006 conference on ECAI 2006: 17th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence August 29 -- September 1, 2006, Riva del Garda, Italy
Models for multiparty engagement in open-world dialog
SIGDIAL '09 Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2009 Conference: The 10th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
Learning to predict engagement with a spoken dialog system in open-world settings
SIGDIAL '09 Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2009 Conference: The 10th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
Estimating user's engagement from eye-gaze behaviors in human-agent conversations
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Recognizing engagement in human-robot interaction
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Copying behaviour of expressive motion
MIRAGE'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Computer vision/computer graphics collaboration techniques
Estimating a user's conversational engagement based on head pose information
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Visual attention and eye gaze during multiparty conversations with distractions
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Towards bi-directional dancing interaction
ICEC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Entertainment Computing
Multimodal sensing, interpretation and copying of movements by a virtual agent
PIT'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international tutorial and research conference on Perception and Interactive Technologies
Designing engagement-aware agents for multiparty conversations
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Gaze awareness in conversational agents: Estimating a user's conversational engagement from eye gaze
ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS) - Special issue on interaction with smart objects, Special section on eye gaze and conversation
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We consider the role of gaze and direction of attention for providing embodied agents with the capability of visually perceiving the attention of others in a virtual environment. Such a capability is of importance in social environments where the directions in which others orient themselves provides information necessary for detecting important social cues and serving as a basis for inferring information about their possible motives, desires and intentions. Our real-time model uses synthetic vision and memory to implement a perceptually-based theory of mind that considers the direction of the eyes, head, body and locomotion of others. These contribute to metrics that describe the awareness and amount of interest that another is deemed to have in the self. We apply this capability to an automated conversation initiation scenario where an agent who encounters a potential interaction partner considers not only its own interaction goal, but also its theory of the goal of the other. Our aim is to improve the plausibility of animated social interaction and is inspired by human social behaviour, where one generally wishes to avoid the embarrassing situation of committing to a conversation with an unwilling participant.