A Method for Enforcing Integrability in Shape from Shading Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
New Constraints on Data-Closeness and Needle Map Consistency for Shape-from-Shading
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
From Few to Many: Illumination Cone Models for Face Recognition under Variable Lighting and Pose
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Extraction of Visual Features for Lipreading
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Symmetric Shape-from-Shading Using Self-ratio Image
International Journal of Computer Vision
Toward Automatic Simulation of Aging Effects on Face Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
Modeling and Rendering for Realistic Facial Animation
Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques 2000
Face Recognition Based on Fitting a 3D Morphable Model
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Acquiring Height Maps of Faces from a Single Image
3DPVT '04 Proceedings of the 3D Data Processing, Visualization, and Transmission, 2nd International Symposium
Real-time combined 2D+3D active appearance models
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Facial Shape-from-shading and Recognition Using Principal Geodesic Analysis and Robust Statistics
International Journal of Computer Vision
View invariant head recognition by Hybrid PCA based reconstruction
Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering
Spectral Modes of Facial Needle-Maps
IbPRIA '07 Proceedings of the 3rd Iberian conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, Part I
Face Recognition Using Principal Geodesic Analysis and Manifold Learning
IbPRIA '07 Proceedings of the 3rd Iberian conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, Part I
Facial Shape Spaces from Surface Normals
ICIAR '08 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Recognising Facial Expressions Using Spherical Harmonics
SSPR & SPR '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Joint IAPR International Workshop on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
ISVC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing: Part I
Using Subspace Multiple Linear Regression for 3D Face Shape Prediction from a Single Image
ISVC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing: Part II
Statistical methods for surface integration
Proceedings of the 12th IMA international conference on Mathematics of surfaces XII
Face shape recovery and recognition using a surface gradient based statistical model
CAIP'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computer analysis of images and patterns
View invariant head recognition by hybrid PCA based reconstruction
AMFG'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Analysis and modeling of faces and gestures
Testing viewpoint invariance in the neural representation of faces: an MEG study
BVAI'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Advances in brain, vision and artificial intelligence
A new statistical model combining shape and spherical harmonics illumination for face reconstruction
ISVC'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part I
Model-based shape recovery from single images of general and unknown lighting
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
Gender discriminating models from facial surface normals
Pattern Recognition
Driving 3D morphable models using shading cues
Pattern Recognition
Face recognition in 2D and 2.5D using ridgelets and photometric stereo
Pattern Recognition
Model-based ambient occlusion for inverse rendering
ICIAR'12 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition - Volume Part I
Inverse rendering of faces on a cloudy day
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Robust learning from normals for 3d face recognition
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Effect of facial feature points selection on 3d face shape reconstruction using regularization
ICONIP'12 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part V
Pattern Recognition Letters
Model-Based human teeth shape recovery from a single optical image with unknown illumination
MCV'12 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Medical Computer Vision: recognition techniques and applications in medical imaging
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
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In this paper, we show how a statistical model of facial shape can be embedded within a shape-from-shading algorithm. We describe how facial shape can be captured using a statistical model of variations in surface normal direction. To construct this model, we make use of the azimuthal equidistant projection to map the distribution of surface normals from the polar representation on a unit sphere to Cartesian points on a local tangent plane. The distribution of surface normal directions is captured using the covariance matrix for the projected point positions. The eigenvectors of the covariance matrix define the modes of shape-variation in the fields of transformed surface normals. We show how this model can be trained using surface normal data acquired from range images and how to fit the model to intensity images of faces using constraints on the surface normal direction provided by Lambert's law. We demonstrate that the combination of a global statistical constraint and local irradiance constraint yields an efficient and accurate approach to facial shape recovery and is capable of recovering fine local surface details. We assess the accuracy of the technique on a variety of images with ground truth and real-world images.