Being there: the subjective experience of presence
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The influence of dynamic shadows on presence in immersive virtual environments
VE '95 Selected papers of the Eurographics workshops on Virtual environments '95
Real and illusory interactions enhance presence in virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Virtual environments: Virtual environments and mobile robots: Control, simulation, and robot pilot training
Reflections on real presence by a virtual person
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Fourth international workshop on presence
Designing for presence and performance: the case of the virtual fish tank
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Fourth international workshop on presence
A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The Transfer of Spatial Knowledge in Virtual Environment Training
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Navigating Large-Scale “Desk-Top” Virtual Buildings: Effects of Orientation Aids and Familiarity
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A Conceptual Model of the Sense of Presence in Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
How Can We Determine if the Sense of Presence Affects Task Performance?
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Using Presence Questionnaires in Reality
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Structural salience of landmarks for route directions
COSIT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Spatial Information Theory
Effects of heightened sensory feedback to presence and arousal in virtual driving simulators
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
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This article reports two human experiments to investigate the effects of visual cues and sustained attention on spatial presence over a period of prolonged exposure in virtual environments. Inspired by the two functional subsystems subserving spatial and object vision in the human brain, visual cues and sustained attention were each classified into spatial and object cues, and spatial and non-spatial attention, respectively. In the first experiment, the effects of visual cues on spatial presence were examined when subjects were exposed to virtual environments configured with combinations of spatial and object cues. It was found that both types of visual cues enhanced spatial presence with saturation over a period of prolonged exposure, but the contribution of spatial cues became more relevant with longer exposure time. In the second experiment, subjects were asked to carry out two tasks involving sustained spatial attention and sustained non-spatial attention. We observed that spatially directed attention improved spatial presence more than non-spatially directed attention did. Furthermore, spatial attention had a positive interaction with detailed object cues.