The transfer of cognitive skill
The transfer of cognitive skill
Human aspects of computer-aided design
Human aspects of computer-aided design
Unified theories of cognition
Cognitive dimensions of notations
Proceedings of the fifth conference of the British Computer Society, Human-Computer Interaction Specialist Group on People and computers V
Information seeking in electronic encyclopedias
Machine-Mediated Learning
Gardeners and gurus: patterns of cooperation among CAD users
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The growth of software skill: a longitudinal look at learning & performance
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The GOMS family of user interface analysis techniques: comparison and contrast
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Exploring the unrealized potential of computer-aided drafting
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
From sufficient to efficient usage: an analysis of strategic knowledge
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Delegation and circumvention: two faces of efficiency
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The strategic use of CAD: an empirically inspired, theory-based course
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designs conducive to the use of efficient strategies
DIS '00 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
Learning to use word processors: problems and prospects
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Architect's Guide to Computer-Aided Design
The Architect's Guide to Computer-Aided Design
Strategic approach to computer literacy
CHI '00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Patterns of experience in text editing
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Learning text editor semantics by analogy
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '82 Proceedings of the 1982 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Learning to use a text processing system: Evidence from “thinking aloud” protocols
CHI '82 Proceedings of the 1982 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designs conducive to the use of efficient strategies
DIS '00 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A framework for analyzing the cognitive complexity of computer-assisted clinical ordering
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Patient safety
Analysis of learner performance on a tutoring system for Java
Current issues in IT education
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Human-computer interaction design with multi-goal facilities layout model
Computers & Mathematics with Applications
Introduction to this special issue on new agendas for human-computer interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Designing for auditory web access: accessibility and cellphone users
Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Dips and ceilings: understanding and supporting transitions to expertise in user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Promoting Hotkey use through rehearsal with ExposeHK
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Several studies show that despite experience, many users with basic command knowledge do not progress to an efficient use of complex computer applications. These studies suggest that knowledge of tasks and knowledge of tools are insufficient to lead users to become efficient. To address this problem, we argue that users also need to learn strategies in the intermediate layers of knowledge lying between tasks and tools. These strategies are (a) efficient because they exploit specific powers of computers, (b) difficult to acquire because they are suggested by neither tasks nor tools, and (c) general in nature having wide applicability. The above characteristics are first demonstrated in the context of aggregation strategies that exploit the iterative power of computers. A cognitive analysis of a real-world task reveals that even though such aggregation strategies can have large effects on task time, errors, and on the quality of the final product, they are not often used by even experienced users. We identify other strategies beyond aggregation that can be efficient and useful across computer applications and show how they were used to develop a new approach to training with promising results. We conclude by suggesting that a systematic analysis of strategies in the intermediate layers of knowledge can lead not only to more effective ways to design training but also to more principled approaches to design systems. These advances should lead users to make more efficient use of complex computer systems.