Serial sketching: visual problem solving in designing
Cybernetics and Systems
Some aspects of the user interface of a knowledge based beautifier for drawings
IUI '93 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Communications of the ACM
Interactive sketching for user interface design
CHI '95 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Ambiguous intentions: a paper-like interface for creative design
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Interactive beautification: a technique for rapid geometric design
Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Sitemaps, storyboards, and specifications: a sketch of Web site design practice
DIS '00 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating a sketch environment for novice programmers
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Web Application Design Handbook: Best Practices for Web-Based Software
Web Application Design Handbook: Best Practices for Web-Based Software
INTERACTING with sketched interface designs: an evaluation study
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Smooth Morphing of Handwritten Text
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Rough and ready prototypes: lessons from graphic design
CHI '92 Posters and Short Talks of the 1992 SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
HTML: Complete Concepts and Techniques, Fourth Edition (Shelly Cashman Series)
HTML: Complete Concepts and Techniques, Fourth Edition (Shelly Cashman Series)
DENIM: an informal web site design tool inspired by observations of practice
Human-Computer Interaction
A toolkit approach to sketched diagram recognition
BCS-HCI '07 Proceedings of the 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: HCI...but not as we know it - Volume 1
Supporting several levels of restriction in the UML
UML'00 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on The unified modeling language: advancing the standard
Generating systems from multiple sketched models
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
A model-based recognition engine for sketched diagrams
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
SketchNode: intelligent sketching support and formal diagramming
Proceedings of the 22nd Conference of the Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group of Australia on Computer-Human Interaction
Recognizing sketched multistroke primitives
ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS)
User interface design by collaborative sketching
Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference
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The visual fidelity (fidelity) of a design diagram affects perception and design performance. Hand-drawn diagrams are more effective working documents for early design tasks such as user interface designs than the equivalent computer-prepared formal representation. However people prefer more formal representations because they feel that hand-drawn diagrams look unprofessional. Sketch-based design tools make it possible to present partially tidied designs. We have postulated intermediary levels of visual fidelity in a systematic manner and implemented these levels into a sketch tool to evaluate the effect of computerization and fidelity on perception and design performance. Our findings show that: performance decreased systematically with increased fidelity; that computer presented designs decreases performance and that performance was decreased by computerization of the hand-drawn diagrams. In contrast, user satisfaction was higher with increasing levels of fidelity. These results pose challenges to the sketch tools community and further questions for effective computer support for early design.