Twenty-two tips for a happier, healthier prototype
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Communications of the ACM
Low vs. high-fidelity prototyping debate
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Usability problem identification using both low- and high-fidelity prototypes
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
DENIM: finding a tighter fit between tools and practice for Web site design
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Prototyping for usability of new technology
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
One for all and all for one?: case studies of using prototypes in commercial projects
Proceedings of the second Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Multipurpose Prototypes for Assessing User Interfaces in Pervasive Computing Systems
IEEE Pervasive Computing
MAPGEN: Mixed-Initiative Planning and Scheduling for the Mars Exploration Rover Mission
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Inquiring materials for tangible prototyping
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Enroll me!: a portable device to facilitate homeless student enrollment
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The anatomy of prototypes: Prototypes as filters, prototypes as manifestations of design ideas
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Enhancing experience prototyping by the help of mixed-fidelity prototypes
Mobility '07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on mobile technology, applications, and systems and the 1st international symposium on Computer human interaction in mobile technology
A mixed-fidelity prototyping tool for mobile devices
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Multi-fidelity User Interface Specifications
Interactive Systems. Design, Specification, and Verification
An extension of UML for the modeling of WIMP user interfaces
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Rapid and rich prototyping: proof of concepts for experience
ECCE '08 Proceedings of the 15th European conference on Cognitive ergonomics: the ergonomics of cool interaction
Expert habits vs. UI improvements: re-design of a room booking system
BCS-HCI '07 Proceedings of the 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: HCI...but not as we know it - Volume 2
Effect of fidelity in diagram presentation
BCS-HCI '08 Proceedings of the 22nd British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: Culture, Creativity, Interaction - Volume 1
A mobile tool for in-situ prototyping
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
User interface design by sketching: a complexity analysis of widget representations
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Clear Panels: a technique to design mobile application interactivity
Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems
Comparing user interaction with low and high fidelity prototypes of tabletop surfaces
Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries
Mobile augmented reality: video prototyping
CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mobile augmented reality: design issues and opportunities
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
On the effect of visual refinement upon user feedback in the context of video prototyping
Proceedings of the 29th ACM international conference on Design of communication
Prototypage basé sur les modèles de tâches: une étude pilote
23rd French Speaking Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Training systems design: bridging the gap between users and developers using storyboards
Proceedings of the 29th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics
Extensible Prototyping for pragmatic engineering of knowledge-based systems
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
You're capped: understanding the effects of bandwidth caps on broadband use in the home
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
EVA'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Electronic Visualisation and the Arts
Visual fidelity of video prototypes and user feedback: a case study
BCS-HCI '11 Proceedings of the 25th BCS Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Designing and Evaluating Mobile Interaction: Challenges and Trends
Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction
Mobile augmented reality: exploring design and prototyping techniques
MobileHCI '12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Mobile augmented reality: design, prototyping and evaluation
MobileHCI '12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services companion
Prototyping in PLACE: a scalable approach to developing location-based apps and games
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interactive prototyping of tabletop and surface applications
Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Rapid prototyping of outdoor games for children in an iterative design process
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
Mockup-Driven Development: Providing agile support for Model-Driven Web Engineering
Information and Software Technology
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This paper presents a summary of the space of commonly-used HCI prototyping methods (low-fidelity to high-fidelity) and asserts that with a better understanding of this space, HCI practitioners will be better equipped to direct scarce prototyping resources toward an effort likely to yield specific results. It presents a set of five dimensions along which prototypes can be planned and characterized. The paper then describes an analysis of this space performed by members of the NASA Ames Human-Computer Interaction Group when considering prototyping approaches for a new set of tools for Mars mission planning and scheduling tools. A description is presented of a prototype that demonstrates design solutions that would have been particularly difficult to test given conventional low- or mid- fidelity prototyping methods. The prototype created was "mixed-fidelity," that is, high-fidelity on some dimensions and low-fidelity on others. The prototype is compared to a preexisting tool being redesigned and to a tool that has been developed using the prototype. Experimental data are presented that show the prototype to be a good predictor of eventual user performance with the final application. Given the relative cost of developing prototypes, it is critical to better characterize the space of fidelity in order to more precisely allocate design and development resources.