Communications of the ACM
Low vs. high-fidelity prototyping debate
interactions
Interactive sketching for the early stages of user interface design
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Usability problem identification using both low- and high-fidelity prototypes
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
EtchaPad—disposable sketch based interfaces
Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Implications for a gesture design tool
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Visual similarity of pen gestures
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Sitemaps, storyboards, and specifications: a sketch of Web site design practice
DIS '00 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
SATIN: a toolkit for informal ink-based applications
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A visual language for sketching large and complex interactive designs
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
End-user perceptions of formal and informal representations of web sites
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
INTERACTING with sketched interface designs: an evaluation study
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Hierarchical parsing and recognition of hand-sketched diagrams
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
SketchREAD: a multi-domain sketch recognition engine
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
InkKit: a generic design tool for the tablet PC
CHINZ '05 Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCHI New Zealand chapter's international conference on Computer-human interaction: making CHI natural
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
User sketches: a quick, inexpensive, and effective way to elicit more reflective user feedback
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
Multi-fidelity prototyping of user interfaces
INTERACT'07 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction
Extensible Prototyping for pragmatic engineering of knowledge-based systems
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Shape-based versus sketch-based UI prototyping: a comparative study
Proceedings of the 10th Brazilian Symposium on on Human Factors in Computing Systems and the 5th Latin American Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
UISKEI: a sketch-based prototyping tool for defining and evaluating user interface behavior
Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
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User interface design by sketching, as well as other sketching activities, typically involves sketching objects through representations that should combine meaningfulness for the end users and easiness for the recognition engines. To investigate this relationship, a multi-platform user interface design tool has been developed that enables designers to sketch design ideas in multiple levels of fidelity with multi-stroke gestures supporting widget representations and commands. A usability analysis of these activities, as they are submitted to a recognition engine, suggests that the level of fidelity, the amount of constraints imposed on the representations, and the visual difference of representations positively impact the sketching activity as a whole. Implications for further sketch representations in user interface design and beyond are provided based on usability guidelines.