Prototyping techniques for different problem contexts
CHI '89 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using object-oriented development for support prototyping
ICSE '90 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Software engineering
OBSERV—a prototyping language and environment
ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM)
SIGDOC '92 Proceedings of the 10th annual international conference on Systems documentation
Communications of the ACM
Low vs. high-fidelity prototyping debate
interactions
Prototypes as assets, not toys: why and how to extract knowledge from prototypes
Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Software engineering
Usability problem identification using both low- and high-fidelity prototypes
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
SILK: sketching interfaces like krazy
Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Prototyping in industrial software projects—bridging the gap between theory and practice
ICSE '93 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Software Engineering
DENIM: finding a tighter fit between tools and practice for Web site design
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
DIS '00 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
Layered participatory analysis: new developments in the CARD technique
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
DEMAIS: designing multimedia applications with interactive storyboards
MULTIMEDIA '01 Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Web site design: a case study in usability testing using paper prototypes
IPCC/SIGDOC '00 Proceedings of IEEE professional communication society international professional communication conference and Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM international conference on Computer documentation: technology & teamwork
Design Rationale: Concepts, Techniques, and Use
Design Rationale: Concepts, Techniques, and Use
The Design of Sites: Patterns, Principles, and Processes for Crafting a Customer-Centered Web Experience
Customizable physical interfaces for interacting with conventional applications
Proceedings of the 15th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Approaches to Prototyping
Testing web sites: five users is nowhere near enough
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CT '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Cognitive Technology: Instruments of Mind
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Integrating hardware and software: augmented reality based prototyping method for digital products
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Paper or interactive?: a study of prototyping techniques for ubiquitous computing environments
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Forming interactivity: a tool for rapid prototyping of physical interactive products
DIS '02 Proceedings of the 4th conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Facilitating collaboration through design games
PDC 04 Proceedings of the eighth conference on Participatory design: Artful integration: interweaving media, materials and practices - Volume 1
The calder toolkit: wired and wireless components for rapidly prototyping interactive devices
DIS '04 Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
A laboratory method for studying activity awareness
Proceedings of the third Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction
DART: a toolkit for rapid design exploration of augmented reality experiences
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Thoughtful Interaction Design: A Design Perspective on Information Technology
Thoughtful Interaction Design: A Design Perspective on Information Technology
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Rough and ready prototypes: lessons from graphic design
CHI '92 Posters and Short Talks of the 1992 SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
Designing Interfaces
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
"Get real!": what's wrong with hci prototyping and how can we fix it?
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design
Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design
The people-prototype problem: understanding the interaction between prototype format and user group
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Framing design in the third paradigm
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The efficacy of prototyping under time constraints
Proceedings of the seventh ACM conference on Creativity and cognition
Performative artefacts: users "speaking through" artefacts in collaborative design
OZCHI '09 Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Australian Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group: Design: Open 24/7
Proceedings of the 5th French-Speaking Conference on Mobility and Ubiquity Computing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Sketching beyond paper and pencil: lessons learned from using Sketchify
DESIRE '10 Proceedings of the 1st DESIRE Network Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Design
Clear Panels: a technique to design mobile application interactivity
Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems
Comparing user interaction with low and high fidelity prototypes of tabletop surfaces
Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries
Basic exploration of narration and performativity for sounding interactive commodities
HAID'10 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Haptic and audio interaction design
Biological first principles for design competence
Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing
Sketching with stop motion animation
interactions
Designing through making: exploring the simple haptic design space
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction
Supporting rapid design and evaluation of pervasive applications: challenges and solutions
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
The curse of the where-rabbit: research through design of auditory trajectories
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCHI Italian Chapter International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Facing Complexity
OP: a novel programming model for integrated design and prototyping of mixed objects
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part III
Prototypage basé sur les modèles de tâches: une étude pilote
23rd French Speaking Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Integrating prototyping into the SOFL three-step modeling approach
ICFEM'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Formal methods and software engineering
Public deliberation in municipal planning: supporting action and reflection with mobile technology
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Communities and Technologies
LinkLights: a modular, user adaptable system to support rehabilitation practices
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments
Bridging the real and the virtual: low and high fidelity tabletop prototyping
Create'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on The Interaction Design
Model-driven rapid prototyping with Umple
Software—Practice & Experience
Prototyping in game design: externalization and internalization of game ideas
BCS-HCI '11 Proceedings of the 25th BCS Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Designing interaction with media façades: a case study
Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference
Looking ahead: how field trials can work in iterative and exploratory design of ubicomp systems
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing
Mobile augmented reality: exploring design and prototyping techniques
MobileHCI '12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
CoExist: overcoming aversion to change
Proceedings of the 8th symposium on Dynamic languages
The productive role of material design artefacts in participatory design events
Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Making Sense Through Design
Dolls as props representing users in design: physical qualities and their application
Proceedings of the 24th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference
Odenplan: a media façade design process
Proceedings of the 4th Media Architecture Biennale Conference: Participation
Explorative research on the heat as an expression medium: focused on interpersonal communication
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
EventHurdle: supporting designers' exploratory interaction prototyping with gesture-based sensors
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interactive prototyping of tabletop and surface applications
Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Rapid prototyping of outdoor games for children in an iterative design process
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
The media façade toolkit: prototyping and simulating interaction with media façades
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international joint conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing
LemonGrasp: a tool for touch-interaction prototyping
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
Methodology for materiality: interaction design research through a material lens
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
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The role of prototypes is well established in the field of HCI and Design. A lack of knowledge, however, about the fundamental nature of prototypes still exists. Researchers have attempted to identify different types of prototypes, such as low- vs. high-fidelity prototypes, but these attempts have centered on evaluation rather than support of design exploration. There have also been efforts to provide new ways of thinking about the activity of using prototypes, such as experience prototyping and paper prototyping, but these efforts do not provide a discourse for understanding fundamental characteristics of prototypes. In this article, we propose an anatomy of prototypes as a framework for prototype conceptualization. We view prototypes not only in their role in evaluation but also in their generative role in enabling designers to reflect on their design activities in exploring a design space. We base this framework on the findings of two case studies that reveal two key dimensions: prototypes as filters and prototypes as manifestations. We explain why these two dimensions are important and how this conceptual framework can benefit our field by establishing more solid and systematic knowledge about prototypes and prototyping.