IEEE Transactions on Computers
Thermal monitoring on FPGAs using ring-oscillators
FPL '97 Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications
Analysis of IR-Drop Scaling with Implications for Deep Submicron P/G Network Designs
ISQED '03 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design
An embedded true random number generator for FPGAs
FPGA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM/SIGDA 12th international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Making visible the thermal behaviour of embedded microprocessors on FPGAs: a progress report
FPGA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM/SIGDA 12th international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Variation Aware Placement for FPGAs
ISVLSI '06 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on Emerging VLSI Technologies and Architectures
FPGA device and architecture evaluation considering process variations
ICCAD '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE/ACM International conference on Computer-aided design
ElastIC: An Adaptive Self-Healing Architecture for Unpredictable Silicon
IEEE Design & Test
Thermal characterization and optimization in platform FPGAs
Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Choose-your-own-adventure routing: lightweight load-time defect avoidance
Proceedings of the ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Thermal-aware reliability analysis for platform FPGAs
Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
Enabling autonomic power-aware management of instrumented data centers
IPDPS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel&Distributed Processing
Optimizing Thermal Sensor Allocation for Microprocessors
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Thermal and power characterization of field-programmable gate arrays
Proceedings of the 19th ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Proceedings of the 19th ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Low-cost sensing with ring oscillator arrays for healthier reconfigurable systems
ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems (TRETS)
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Electronic systems increasingly suffer from component variation, thermal hotspots, uneven wearout, and other subtle physical phenomena. Systems based on FPGAs have unique opportunities for adapting to such effects. Required, however, is a low-cost, fine-grained method for sensing physical parameters. This paper presents an approach to on-line sensing that includes a compact multi-use sensor implemented in reconfigurable logic, methods for instrumenting an application, and enhanced measurement procedures. The sensor utilizes a highly-efficient counter and improved ring oscillator, and requires just 8 LUTs. We describe how to measure variations in delay, static power, dynamic power, and temperature. We demonstrate the proposed approach with an experimental system based on a Virtex-5. The system is instrumented with over 100 sensors with a total overhead of only 1.3%. Results from thermally-controlled experiments provide some surprising insights and illustrate the power of the approach. On-line sensing can help open the door to physically-adaptive computing, including fine-grained power, reliability, and health management schemes for FPGA-based systems.