IEEE Transactions on Computers
Thermal monitoring on FPGAs using ring-oscillators
FPL '97 Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications
Control Techniques to Eliminate Voltage Emergencies in High Performance Processors
HPCA '03 Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture
Analysis of IR-Drop Scaling with Implications for Deep Submicron P/G Network Designs
ISQED '03 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design
An embedded true random number generator for FPGAs
FPGA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM/SIGDA 12th international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Making visible the thermal behaviour of embedded microprocessors on FPGAs: a progress report
FPGA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM/SIGDA 12th international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
4T-decay sensors: a new class of small, fast, robust, and low-power, temperature/leakage sensors
Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Variation Aware Placement for FPGAs
ISVLSI '06 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on Emerging VLSI Technologies and Architectures
FPGA device and architecture evaluation considering process variations
ICCAD '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE/ACM International conference on Computer-aided design
ElastIC: An Adaptive Self-Healing Architecture for Unpredictable Silicon
IEEE Design & Test
A Production IR-Drop Screen on a Chip
IEEE Design & Test
Architectural enhancements in Stratix-III™ and Stratix-IV™
Proceedings of the ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Thermal-aware reliability analysis for platform FPGAs
Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
Enabling autonomic power-aware management of instrumented data centers
IPDPS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel&Distributed Processing
On-line sensing for healthier FPGA systems
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
A Sensor to Detect Normal or Reverse Temperature Dependence in Nanoscale CMOS Circuits
DFT '09 Proceedings of the 2009 24th IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems
Toward Physically-Adaptive Computing
SASO '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Fourth IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems
Self-Test and Adaptation for Random Variations in Reliability
FPL '10 Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications
Proceedings of the 19th ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
Sensing nanosecond-scale voltage attacks and natural transients in FPGAs
Proceedings of the ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
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Electronic systems on a chip increasingly suffer from component variation, voltage noise, thermal hotspots, and other subtle physical phenomena. Systems with reconfigurability have unique opportunities for adapting to such effects. Required, however, are low-cost, fine-grained methods for sensing physical parameters. This article presents powerful, novel approaches to online sensing, including methods for designing compact reconfigurable sensors, low-cost threshold detection, and several enhanced measurement procedures. Together, the approaches help enable systems to autonomously uncover a wealth of physical information. A highly efficient counter and improved ring oscillator are introduced, enabling an entire sensor node in just 8 Virtex-5 LUTs. We describe how variations can be measured in delay, temperature, switching-induced IR drop, and leakage-induced IR drop. We demonstrate the proposed approach with an experimental system based on a Virtex-5, instrumented with over 100 sensors at an overhead of only 1.3%. Results from thermally controlled experiments provide some surprising insights and illustrate the utility of the approach. Online sensing can help open the door to physically adaptive computing, including fine-grained power, reliability, and health management schemes for systems on a chip.