A Computational Approach to Edge Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Projected free fall trajectories. I. Theory and simulation
Biological Cybernetics
A New Sense for Depth of Field
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The Reyes image rendering architecture
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The accumulation buffer: hardware support for high-quality rendering
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
New method for vanishing point detection
CVGIP: Image Understanding
A realistic camera model for computer graphics
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Depth from Defocus vs. Stereo: How Different Really Are They?
International Journal of Computer Vision - Special issue on computer vision research at the Technion
Fast perception-based depth of field rendering
VRST '00 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Useful properties of Semantic Depth of Field for better F+C visualization
VISSYM '02 Proceedings of the symposium on Data Visualisation 2002
Importance Ordering for Real-Time Depth of Field
ICSC '95 Proceedings of the Third International Computer Science Conference on Image Analysis Applications and Computer Graphics
Manhattan world: orientation and outlier detection by Bayesian inference
Neural Computation
A lens and aperture camera model for synthetic image generation
SIGGRAPH '81 Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '84 Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
INFOVIS '01 Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 2001 (INFOVIS'01)
APGV '04 Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances
ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Papers
Active refocusing of images and videos
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
Image and depth from a conventional camera with a coded aperture
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
Depth-of-field blur effects for first-person navigation in virtual environments
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Generating Depth-of-Field Effects in Virtual Reality Applications
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Camera models and optical systems used in computer graphics: part I, object-based techniques
ICCSA'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Computational science and its applications: PartIII
Camera models and optical systems used in computer graphics: part II, image-based techniques
ICCSA'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Computational science and its applications: PartIII
A study on the relationship between shooting conditions and cardboard effect of stereoscopic images
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
A survey of perceptual evaluations and requirements of three-dimensional TV
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Directing gaze in 3D models with stylized focus
EGSR'06 Proceedings of the 17th Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Real-Time Disparity Map-Based Pictorial Depth Cue Enhancement
Computer Graphics Forum
Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception
Mono-glass for providing distance information for people losing sight in one eye
Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
Depth of field effects for interactive direct volume rendering
EuroVis'11 Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics / IEEE - VGTC conference on Visualization
Evaluation of monocular depth cues on a high-dynamic-range display for visualization
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP) - Special issue SAP 2013
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We present a probabilistic model of how viewers may use defocus blur in conjunction with other pictorial cues to estimate the absolute distances to objects in a scene. Our model explains how the pattern of blur in an image together with relative depth cues indicates the apparent scale of the image's contents. From the model, we develop a semiautomated algorithm that applies blur to a sharply rendered image and thereby changes the apparent distance and scale of the scene's contents. To examine the correspondence between the model/algorithm and actual viewer experience, we conducted an experiment with human viewers and compared their estimates of absolute distance to the model's predictions. We did this for images with geometrically correct blur due to defocus and for images with commonly used approximations to the correct blur. The agreement between the experimental data and model predictions was excellent. The model predicts that some approximations should work well and that others should not. Human viewers responded to the various types of blur in much the way the model predicts. The model and algorithm allow one to manipulate blur precisely and to achieve the desired perceived scale efficiently.