Geometry-Based Watermarking of 3D Models
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
A watermarking for 3D mesh using the patch CEGIs
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SODA '07 Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms
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A public fragile watermarking scheme for 3D model authentication
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Blind robust 3-D mesh watermarking based on oblate spheroidal harmonics
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Watermarking for 3d CAD drawings based on three components
SSPR'06/SPR'06 Proceedings of the 2006 joint IAPR international conference on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
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MRCS'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Multimedia Content Representation, Classification and Security
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Watermarked 3-D Mesh Quality Assessment
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Watermark embedding: hiding a signal within a cover image
IEEE Communications Magazine
Watermarking three-dimensional polygonal models through geometric and topological modifications
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Geometric Invariance in image watermarking
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Robust 3D mesh model hashing based on feature object
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Vector watermarking scheme for GIS vector map management
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Technical Section: Topology authentication for CAPD models based on Laplacian coordinates
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Watermarking 3D CAPD models for topology verification
Computer-Aided Design
Key-dependent 3D model hashing for authentication using heat kernel signature
Digital Signal Processing
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A CAD (computer-aided design) drawing based on vector data is very important art work in industrial fields. It is considered to be content for which copyright protection is urgently required. This paper presents a watermarking scheme based on k-means++ for CAD drawings. A CAD drawing consists of several layers, and each layer consists of various geometric objects such as LINE, POLYLINE, CIRCLE, ARC, 3DFACE, and POLYGON. POLYLINE along with LINE, 3DFACE, and ARC objects are the most commonly used fundamental objects in a CAD drawing. The proposed scheme embeds the watermark into the geometric distribution of POLYLINE, 3DFACE, and ARC objects in the main layers. Hence, in the proposed scheme, we select the target object with a high distribution among POLYLINE, 3DFACE, and ARC objects in a CAD drawing and then select layers that include the maximum number of instances of the target object. Then, we cluster the target objects in the selected layers by using k-means++ and embed the watermark into the geometric distribution of each group. The geometric distribution is the normalized length distribution in a POLYLINE object, the normalized area distribution in a 3DFACE object, and the angle distribution in an ARC object. Experimental results have verified that the proposed scheme is robust against file format conversion, layer attacks, and various types of geometric editing carried out using the CAD editing tools.