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Signal Processing
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
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Geometry-Based Watermarking of 3D Models
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Authentication of volume data using wavelet-based foveation
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Watermarking 3D polygonal meshes in the mesh spectral domain
GRIN'01 No description on Graphics interface 2001
Robust Watermarking of Polygonal Meshes
GMP '00 Proceedings of the Geometric Modeling and Processing 2000
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Blind Robust Watermarking Schemes for Copyright Protection of 3D Mesh Objects
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An adaptive steganographic algorithm for 3D polygonal meshes
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A public fragile watermarking scheme for 3D model authentication
Computer-Aided Design
Watermarking for 3d CAD drawings based on three components
SSPR'06/SPR'06 Proceedings of the 2006 joint IAPR international conference on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Watermarking technique for authentication of 3-d polygonal meshes
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An Oblivious Watermarking for 3-D Polygonal Meshes Using Distribution of Vertex Norms
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
A Novel Synchronization Invariant Audio Watermarking Scheme Based on DWT and DCT
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Fragile watermarking for authenticating 3-D polygonal meshes
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Watermarking three-dimensional polygonal models through geometric and topological modifications
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Watermarking mesh-based representations of 3-D objects using local moments
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
A robust image authentication method distinguishing JPEG compression from malicious manipulation
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IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
CAD drawing watermarking scheme
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Lossless visible three-dimensional watermark of digital elevation model data
Transactions on Edutainment VIII
Genetic swarm based robust image watermarking
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Computers and Electrical Engineering
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This paper analyzes the numerically instable problem in the current 3D fragile watermarking schemes. Some existing fragile watermarking schemes apply the floating-point arithmetic to embed the watermarks. However, these schemes fail to work properly due to the numerically instable problem, which is common in the floating-point arithmetic. This paper proposes a numerically stable fragile watermarking scheme. The scheme views the mantissa part of the floating-point number as an unsigned integer and operates on it by the bit XOR operator. Since there is no numerical problem in the bit operation, this scheme is numerically stable. The scheme can control the watermark strength through changing the embedding parameters. This paper further discusses selecting appropriate embedding parameters to achieve good performance in terms of the perceptual invisibility and the ability to detect unauthorized attacks on the 3D models. The experimental results show that the proposed public scheme could detect attacks such as adding noise, adding/deleting faces, inserting/removing vertices, etc. The comparisons with the existing fragile schemes show that this scheme is easier to implement and use.