Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard-Real-Time Environment
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Memory Issues in Embedded Systems-on-Chip: Optimizations and Exploration
Memory Issues in Embedded Systems-on-Chip: Optimizations and Exploration
Reducing energy consumption by dynamic copying of instructions onto onchip memory
Proceedings of the 15th international symposium on System Synthesis
An optimal memory allocation scheme for scratch-pad-based embedded systems
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Scratchpad memory: design alternative for cache on-chip memory in embedded systems
Proceedings of the tenth international symposium on Hardware/software codesign
Assigning Program and Data Objects to Scratchpad for Energy Reduction
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe
Hardware/software managed scratchpad memory for embedded system
Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/ACM International conference on Computer-aided design
SCOPES '07 Proceedingsof the 10th international workshop on Software & compilers for embedded systems
Scratchpad memory management in a multitasking environment
EMSOFT '08 Proceedings of the 8th ACM international conference on Embedded software
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
An efficient profile-based algorithm for scratchpad memory partitioning
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
CASES '10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Compilers, architectures and synthesis for embedded systems
Dynamic and adaptive SPM management for a multi-task environment
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Proceedings of the 17th IEEE/ACM international symposium on Low-power electronics and design
CODES+ISSS '11 Proceedings of the seventh IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
A semi-automatic scratchpad memory management framework for CMP
APPT'11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Advanced parallel processing technologies
Processor energy characterization for compiler-assisted software energy reduction
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Design Automation Conference
Proceedings of the tenth ACM international conference on Embedded software
VaMV: variability-aware memory virtualization
DATE '12 Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
Embedded RAIDs-on-chip for bus-based chip-multiprocessors
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
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Scratch-pad memory has been employed as a partial or entire replacement for cache memory due to its better energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose scratch-pad memory management techniques for priority-based preemptive multitask systems. Our techniques are applicable to a real-time environment. The three methods which we propose, i.e., spatial, temporal, and hybrid methods, bring about effective usage of the scratch-pad memory space, and achieve energy reduction in the instruction memory subsystems. We formulate each method as an integer programming problem that simultaneously determines (1) partitioning of scratch-pad memory space for the tasks, and (2) allocation of program code to scratch-pad memory space for each task. It is remarkable that periods and priorities of tasks are considered in the formulas. Additionally, we implement an RTOS-hardware cooperative support mechanism for a runtime code allocation to the scratch-pad memory space. We have made the experiments with the fully functional real-time operating system. The experimental results with four task sets have demonstrated the effectiveness of our techniques. Up to 73% energy reduction compared to a standard method was achieved.