Probability, statistics, and queueing theory with computer science applications
Probability, statistics, and queueing theory with computer science applications
Self-similarity in World Wide Web traffic: evidence and possible causes
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Managing energy and server resources in hosting centers
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Performance Guarantees for Web Server End-Systems: A Control-Theoretical Approach
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Critical power slope: understanding the runtime effects of frequency scaling
ICS '02 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Supercomputing
The case for power management in web servers
Power aware computing
Dynamic cluster reconfiguration for power and performance
Compilers and operating systems for low power
Energy conservation in heterogeneous server clusters
Proceedings of the tenth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming
Hibernator: helping disk arrays sleep through the winter
Proceedings of the twentieth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
International Journal of Network Management
On evaluating request-distribution schemes for saving energy in server clusters
ISPASS '03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software
Power provisioning for a warehouse-sized computer
Proceedings of the 34th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Distributed Cooperative Control for Adaptive Performance Management
IEEE Internet Computing
ICAC '07 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Autonomic Computing
Online Web Cluster Capacity Estimation and Its Application to Energy Conservation
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Optimizing power consumption in large scale storage systems
HOTOS'07 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX workshop on Hot topics in operating systems
ATC'07 2007 USENIX Annual Technical Conference on Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Energy-aware server provisioning and load dispatching for connection-intensive internet services
NSDI'08 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation
Multi-mode energy management for multi-tier server clusters
Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques
PowerNap: eliminating server idle power
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Energy-efficient server clusters
PACS'02 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Power-aware computer systems
Green support for PC-based software router: performance evaluation and modeling
ICC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Communications
International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems
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Online services that rely on large scale server systems have become major energy users. These systems are generally dimensioned for peak loads and therefore have very low average utilisation, often around 20-30%. This paper presents a mathematical performance analysis of a simple routing mechanism that uses staged overflow routing to assign requests to servers. The technique relies on a router, in conjunction with a server daemon. Idle servers are suspended; and suspended systems are returned to an active state by the Wake-on-LAN function. The number of active servers is proportional to the overall system utilisation and leads to a load proportional carbon footprint. Performance models are developed and used to analyse the proposed mechanism. A potential system design is briefly discussed. It is concluded that substantial power savings are possible using overflow routing; however, there is also significant effects on user performance as a result of the higher server utilisation.