Least-Squares Fitting of Two 3-D Point Sets
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Method for Registration of 3-D Shapes
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence - Special issue on interpretation of 3-D scenes—part II
Zippered polygon meshes from range images
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Extension of the ICP algorithm to nonrigid intensity-based registration of 3D volumes
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
An Algorithm for Finding Best Matches in Logarithmic Expected Time
ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS)
Multidimensional binary search trees used for associative searching
Communications of the ACM
Face verification from 3D and grey level clues
Pattern Recognition Letters
Reconstruction of Partially Damaged Face Images Based on a Morphable Face Model
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Expression-invariant 3D face recognition
AVBPA'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication
A survey of approaches and challenges in 3D and multi-modal 3D + 2D face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
2D and 3D face recognition: A survey
Pattern Recognition Letters
A multimodal approach for 3D face modeling and recognition using 3D deformable facial mask
Machine Vision and Applications
Normal maps vs. visible images: Comparing classifiers and combining modalities
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Facial Geometry Estimation Using Photometric Stereo and Profile Views
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
A survey of approaches and challenges in 3D and multi-modal 3D+2D face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Complex wavelet structural similarity: a new image similarity index
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Tracking vertex flow and model adaptation for three-dimensional spatiotemporal face analysis
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans - Special issue on recent advances in biometrics
PCA-based image recombination for multimodal 2D+3D face recognition
Image and Vision Computing
Real-time 3D face recognition with the integration of depth and intensity images
ICIAR'11 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Image analysis and recognition - Volume Part II
Ultra fast GPU assisted face recognition based on 3d geometry and texture data
ICIAR'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition - Volume Part II
A survey of 3d face recognition methods
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Rank-Based decision fusion for 3d shape-based face recognition
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Face recognition in 2D and 2.5D using ridgelets and photometric stereo
Pattern Recognition
GPU accelerated 3D face registration / recognition
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
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We introduce a novel technique for face recognition by using 4D face data that has been reconstructed from a stereo camera system. The 4D face data consists of a dense 3D mesh of vertices describing the facial geometry as well as a 2D texture map describing the facial appearance of each subject. The combination of geometry and texture information produces a complete photo-realistic model of each face. We propose a recognition algorithm based on two steps: The first step involves a 3D or 4D rigid registration of the faces. In the second step we introduce and evaluate different similarity metrics that measure the distance between pairs of closest points on two faces. A key advantage of the proposed technique is the fact that it can capture facial variations irrespective of the posture of the subject. We use this technique on 3D surface and texture data comprising 62 subjects at various postures and emotional expressions. Our results demonstrate that for subjects that look straight into the camera the recognition rate significantly increases when texture and geometry are combined in a 4D similarity metric.