Comprehension strategies in programming
Empirical studies of programmers: second workshop
Enhancing program readability and comprehensibility with tools for program visualization
ICSE '88 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Software engineering
IGOR: a system for program debugging via reversible execution
PADD '88 Proceedings of the 1988 ACM SIGPLAN and SIGOPS workshop on Parallel and distributed debugging
Typographic style is more than cosmetic
Communications of the ACM
Debugging parallel programs using sound
PADD '91 Proceedings of the 1991 ACM/ONR workshop on Parallel and distributed debugging
Comprehension processes during large scale maintenance
ICSE '94 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Software engineering
Program understanding behavior during debugging of large scale software
ESP '97 Papers presented at the seventh workshop on Empirical studies of programmers
An interactive method for accessing tables in HTML
Assets '98 Proceedings of the third international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Coca: an automated debugger for C
Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Software engineering
Saving traces for Ada debugging
SIGAda '85 Proceedings of the 1985 annual ACM SIGAda international conference on Ada
Cognitive strategies and looping constructs: an empirical study
Communications of the ACM
Program indentation and comprehensibility
Communications of the ACM
Alice: a 3-D tool for introductory programming concepts
CCSC '00 Proceedings of the fifth annual CCSC northeastern conference on The journal of computing in small colleges
Teaching the Nintendo generation to program
Communications of the ACM - Supporting community and building social capital
Uncovering principles of novice programming
POPL '83 Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages
The Jeliot 2000 program animation system
Computers & Education
Monitoring in a software development environment: A relational approach
SDE 1 Proceedings of the first ACM SIGSOFT/SIGPLAN software engineering symposium on Practical software development environments
Using events to debug Java programs backwards in time
OOPSLA '03 Companion of the 18th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications
An extensible framework for providing dynamic data structure visualizations in a lightweight IDE
Proceedings of the 35th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education
LISTEN: A Tool to Investigate the Use of Sound for the Analysis of Program Behavior
COMPSAC '95 Proceedings of the 19th International Computer Software and Applications Conference
Natural programming languages and environments
Communications of the ACM - End-user development: tools that empower users to create their own software solutions
Audio enriched links: web page previews for blind users
Assets '04 Proceedings of the 6th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Rendering tables in audio: the interaction of structure and reading styles
Assets '04 Proceedings of the 6th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Memory enhancement through audio
Assets '04 Proceedings of the 6th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Evaluation of a non-visual molecule browser
Assets '04 Proceedings of the 6th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
UMA: a system for universal mathematics accessibility
Assets '04 Proceedings of the 6th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Nonvisual tool for navigating hierarchical structures
Assets '04 Proceedings of the 6th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Spoken Language Support for Software Development
VLHCC '04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages - Human Centric Computing
RAPTOR: a visual programming environment for teaching algorithmic problem solving
Proceedings of the 36th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education
What's the web like if you can't see it?
W4A '05 Proceedings of the 2005 International Cross-Disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A)
A tactile web browser for the visually disabled
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Evaluating assessments of novice programming environments
Proceedings of the first international workshop on Computing education research
Mappings and metaphors in auditory displays: An experimental assessment
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Musical program auralization: Empirical studies
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Concept visualization in CS0 using ALICE
Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges
Mathematics on the web: emerging opportunities for visually impaired people
W4A '07 Proceedings of the 2007 international cross-disciplinary conference on Web accessibility (W4A)
The Factory Pattern in API Design: A Usability Evaluation
ICSE '07 Proceedings of the 29th international conference on Software Engineering
WAD: A Feasibility study using the Wicked Audio Debugger
ICPC '07 Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension
MathPlayer v2.1: web-based math accessibility
Proceedings of the 9th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming systems and applications
Proceedings of the 39th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education
Inspiring blind high school students to pursue computer science with instant messaging chatbots
Proceedings of the 39th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education
More natural end-user software engineering
Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on End-user software engineering
Using Alice 2.0 as a first language
Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges
Blind hero: enabling guitar hero for the visually impaired
Proceedings of the 10th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Auditory icons: using sound in computer interfaces
Human-Computer Interaction
Finding causes of program output with the Java Whyline
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Back to the Future: Omniscient Debugging
IEEE Software
Rock Vibe: Rock Band® computer games for people with no or limited vision
Proceedings of the 11th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
TextSL: a command-based virtual world interface for the visually impaired
Proceedings of the 11th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Evaluating prosodic cues as a means to disambiguate algebraic expressions: an empirical study
Proceedings of the 11th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Making Microsoft Excel™: multimodal presentation of charts
Proceedings of the 11th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Collaborative web accessibility improvement: challenges and possibilities
Proceedings of the 11th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Fisheye views of java source code: an updated LOD algorithm
UAHCI'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Universal access in human-computer interaction: applications and services
Proceedings of the 42nd ACM technical symposium on Computer science education
An Empirical Investigation into Programming Language Syntax
ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE)
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Decades of research have led to notable improvements in the representations used to aid human comprehension of computer programs. Much of this research has focused on visual representations, which leaves open the question of how best to design auditory representations of computer programs. While this question has particular relevance for visually impaired programmers, sighted programmers might also benefit from enhanced auditory representations of their programs. In order to investigate this question empirically, first, we introduce artifact encoding, a novel approach to rigorously measuring the comprehensibility of auditory representations of computer programs. Using this approach as a foundation, we present an experimental study that compared the comprehensibility of two alternative auditory program representations: one with lexical scoping cues that convey the nesting level of program statements, and another without such scoping cues. The results of our first experiment validate both artifact encoding and the scoping cues we used. To see whether auditory cues validated through our paradigm can aid program comprehension in a realistic task scenario, we experimentally compared programmers' ability to debug programs using three alternative environments: (1) an auditory execution environment with our empirically derived auditory cues; (2) an auditory execution environment with the current state-of-the-art auditory cues generated by a screen reader running on top of Microsoft Visual Studio; and (3) a visual version of the execution environment. The results of our second experiment showed that our comprehensible auditory cues are significantly better than the state-of-the-art, affording human performance approaching the effectiveness of visual representations within the statistical margin of error. This research contributes a novel methodology and foundational empirical data that can guide the design of effective auditory representations of computer programs.