IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
How to reinforce perception of depth in single two-dimensional pictures
Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments
High resolution virtual reality
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Merging virtual objects with the real world: seeing ultrasound imagery within the patient
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Camera Calibration with Distortion Models and Accuracy Evaluation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A theory of self-calibration of a moving camera
International Journal of Computer Vision
Autocalibration for virtual environments tracking hardware
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Improving static and dynamic registration in an optical see-through HMD
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Superior augmented reality registration by integrating landmark tracking and magnetic tracking
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Real-time vision-based camera tracking for augmented reality applications
VRST '97 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Introductory Techniques for 3-D Computer Vision
Introductory Techniques for 3-D Computer Vision
Calibration Requirements and Procedures for a Monitor-Based Augmented Reality System
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Using a 3D Position Sensor for Registration of SPECT and US Images of the Kidney
CVRMed '95 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine
Vision-Based Object Registration for Real-Time Image Overlay
CVRMed '95 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine
CVRMed '95 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine
CVRMed '95 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine
Realtime Camera Calibration for Enhanced Reality Visualization
CVRMed '95 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine
A New Framework for Fusing Stereo Images with Volumetric Medical Images
CVRMed '95 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine
A Novel Virtual Reality Tool for Teaching Dynamic 3D Anatomy
CVRMed '95 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine
3D Reconstruction from Projection Matrices in a C-Arm Based 3D-Angiography System
MICCAI '98 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Affine Object Representations for Calibration-Free Augmented Reality
VRAIS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS 96)
A Method for Calibrating See-Through Head-Mounted Displays for AR
IWAR '99 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE and ACM International Workshop on Augmented Reality
Marker Tracking and HMD Calibration for a Video-Based Augmented Reality Conferencing System
IWAR '99 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE and ACM International Workshop on Augmented Reality
Miniaturization, Calibration & Accuracy Evaluation of a Hybrid Self-Tracker
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Industrial Augmented Reality(IAR): Challenges in Design and Commercialization of Killer Apps
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Contact-analog information representation in an automotive head-up display
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Spatial relationship patterns: elements of reusable tracking and calibration systems
ISMAR '06 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Proceedings of the 12th Monterey conference on Reliable systems on unreliable networked platforms
Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
Design and implementation of an augmented reality system using gaze interaction
Multimedia Tools and Applications
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Augmented reality (AR) is a technology in which a user's view of the real world is enhanced or augmented with additional information generated from a computer model. To have a working AR system, the see-through display system must be calibrated so that the graphics are properly rendered. The optical see-through systems present an additional challenge because, unlike the video see-through systems, we do not have direct access to the image data to be used in various calibration procedures.This paper reports on a calibration method we developed for optical see-through head-mounted displays. We first introduce a method for calibrating monocular optical see-through displays (that is, a display for one eye only) and then extend it to stereo optical see-through displays in which the displays for both eyes are calibrated in a single procedure. The method integrates the measurements for the camera and a six-degrees-of-freedom tracker that is attached to the camera to do the calibration. We have used both an off-the-shelf magnetic tracker as well as a vision-based infrared tracker we have built. In the monocular case, the calibration is based on the alignment of image points with a single 3D point in the world coordinate system from various viewpoints. In this method, the user interaction to perform the calibration is extremely easy compared to prior methods, and there is no requirement for keeping the head immobile while performing the calibration. In the stereo calibration case, the user aligns a stereoscopically fused 2D marker, which is perceived in depth, with a single target point in the world whose coordinates are known. As in the monocular case, there is no requirement that the user keep his or her head fixed.