Agents that reduce work and information overload
Communications of the ACM
Affective computing
Heart rate variability: indicator of user state as an aid to human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The response of eye-movement and pupil size to audio instruction while viewing a moving target
ETRA '00 Proceedings of the 2000 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The act of task difficulty and eye-movement frequency for the 'Oculo-motor indices'
ETRA '02 Proceedings of the 2002 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The head or the heart?: measuring the impact of media quality
CHI '00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interacting with groups of computers
Communications of the ACM
Predicting human interruptibility with sensors: a Wizard of Oz feasibility study
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
New techniques for evaluating innovative interfaces with eye tracking
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Learning and reasoning about interruption
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
If not now, when?: the effects of interruption at different moments within task execution
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Task-evoked pupillary response to mental workload in human-computer interaction
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
UAI'99 Proceedings of the Fifteenth conference on Uncertainty in artificial intelligence
The lumière project: Bayesian user modeling for inferring the goals and needs of software users
UAI'98 Proceedings of the Fourteenth conference on Uncertainty in artificial intelligence
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A method, system, and tools for intelligent interruption management
TAMODIA '05 Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on Task models and diagrams
Leveraging characteristics of task structure to predict the cost of interruption
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
TAPRAV: a tool for exploring workload aligned to models of task execution
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Surviving task interruptions: Investigating the implications of long-term working memory theory
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Leveraging data complexity: Pupillary behavior of older adults with visual impairment during HCI
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
TAPRAV: An interactive analysis tool for exploring workload aligned to models of task execution
Interacting with Computers
Biases in human estimation of interruptibility: effects and implications for practice
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Toolkit support for developing and deploying sensor-based statistical models of human situations
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Measuring the task-evoked pupillary response with a remote eye tracker
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
A proactive recommendation system for writing: helping without disrupting
Proceedings of the 14th European conference on Cognitive ergonomics: invent! explore!
UM '07 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on User Modeling
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mental workload in multi-device personal information management
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Power to the people: Leveraging human physiological traits to control microprocessor frequency
Proceedings of the 41st annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
The Physiological User's Response as a Clue to Assess Visual Variables Effectiveness
HCD 09 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Human Centered Design: Held as Part of HCI International 2009
Estimating cognitive load using remote eye tracking in a driving simulator
Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications
On reconstruction of task context after interruption
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Collaboration Platform: A Cooperative Work Course Case-Study
C5 '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Eighth International Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing
Eye tracking as an MT evaluation technique
Machine Translation
Psycho-physiological measures for assessing cognitive load
Proceedings of the 12th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing
Sensing cognitive multitasking for a brain-based adaptive user interface
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
EPCE'11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
Exploring gaze data for determining user learning with an interactive simulation
UMAP'12 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization
Indexing cognitive workload based on pupillary response under luminance and emotional changes
Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Gaze awareness in conversational agents: Estimating a user's conversational engagement from eye gaze
ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS) - Special issue on interaction with smart objects, Special section on eye gaze and conversation
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To contribute to systems that reason about human attention, our work empirically demonstrates how a user's mental workload changes during task execution. We conducted a study where users performed interactive, hierarchical tasks while mental workload was measured through the use of pupil size. Results show that (i) different types of subtasks impose different mental workload, (ii) workload decreases at subtask boundaries, (iii) workload decreases more at boundaries higher in a task model and less at boundaries lower in the model, (iv) workload changes among subtask boundaries within the same level of a task model, and (v) effective understanding of why changes in workload occur requires that the measure be tightly coupled to a validated task model. From the results, we show how to map mental workload onto a computational Index of Opportunity that systems can use to better reason about human attention.