A multiple, virtual-workspace interface to support user task switching
CHI '87 Proceedings of the SIGCHI/GI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface
Some computer science issues in ubiquitous computing
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on computer augmented environments: back to the real world
Timespace in the workplace: dealing with interruptions
CHI '95 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Depth of processing and design-assessment of ecological interfaces: task analysis
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Near-term memory in programming: a simulation-based analysis
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The Architecture of Cognition
Effects of instant messaging interruptions on computing tasks
CHI '00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Change Blind Information Display for Ubiquitous Computing Environments
UbiComp '02 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Ubiquitous Computing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Notification user interfaces
If not now, when?: the effects of interruption at different moments within task execution
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A cognitive meta-analysis of design approaches to interruptions in intelligent environments
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Long-term working memory and interrupting messages in human-computer interaction
Behaviour & Information Technology
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
Towards an index of opportunity: understanding changes in mental workload during task execution
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
No task left behind?: examining the nature of fragmented work
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using context-aware computing to reduce the perceived burden of interruptions from mobile devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interaction in 4-second bursts: the fragmented nature of attentional resources in mobile HCI
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Joint Cognitive Systems
The scope and importance of human interruption in human-computer interaction design
Human-Computer Interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Scope: providing awareness of multiple notifications at a glance
Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
User psychological problems in implementing production control system
ECCE '08 Proceedings of the 15th European conference on Cognitive ergonomics: the ergonomics of cool interaction
Activity-based scenarios for and approaches to ubiquitous e-Learning
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Interruption management: A comparison of auditory and tactile cues for both alerting and orienting
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Une approche formelle pour i'evaluation de la tolérance aux interruptions des système interactifs
Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics: Designing beyond the Product --- Understanding Activity and User Experience in Ubiquitous Environments
Information Systems Research
Investigating interruptions in the context of computerised cognitive testing for older adults
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Typically, we have several tasks at hand, some of which are in interrupted state while others are being carried out. Most of the time, such interruptions are not disruptive to task performance. Based on the theory of Long-Term Working Memory (LTWM; Ericsson, K.A., Kintsch, W., 1995. Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102, 211-245), we posit that unless there are enough mental skills and resources to encode task representations to retrieval structures in long-term memory, the resulting memory traces will not enable reinstating the information, which can lead to memory losses. However, once encoded to LTWM, they are virtually safeguarded. Implications of the theory were tested in a series of experiments in which the reading of an expository text was interrupted by a 30-s interactive task, after which the reading was continued. The results convey the remarkably robust nature of skilled memory-when LTWM encoding speed is fast enough for the task-processing imposed by the interface, interruptions have no effect on memory, regardless of their pacing, intensity, or difficulty. In the final experiment where presentation time in the main task was notably speeded up to match the limits of encoding speed, interruptions did hamper memory. Based on the results and the theory, we argue that auditory rehearsal or time-based retrieval cues were not utilized in surviving interruptions and that they are in general weaker strategies for surviving interruptions in complex cognitive tasks. We conclude the paper by suggesting three ways to support interruption tolerance by the means of task and interface design: (1) actively facilitating the development of memory skills, (2) matching encoding speed to task processing demands, and (3) supporting encoding-retrieval symmetry.