Free-form deformation of solid geometric models
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Principles of traditional animation applied to 3D computer animation
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Drawing and animation using skeletal strokes
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Free-form deformations with lattices of arbitrary topology
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Stylized rendering techniques for scalable real-time 3D animation
NPAR '00 Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
Simulating cartoon style animation
NPAR '02 Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
Non-photorealistic computer graphics: modeling, rendering, and animation
Non-photorealistic computer graphics: modeling, rendering, and animation
Turning to the masters: motion capturing cartoons
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Modeling motion blur in computer-generated images
SIGGRAPH '83 Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Stylizing motion with drawings
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Modelling and Animating Cartoon Hair with NURBS Surfaces
CGI '04 Proceedings of the Computer Graphics International
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
Perceptual evaluation of cartoon physics: accuracy, attention, appeal
Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
E-IMPACT: exaggerated illustrations using multi-perspective animation control tree structure
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology
The line of action: an intuitive interface for expressive character posing
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
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3D computer animation often struggles to compete with the flexibility and expressiveness commonly found in traditional animation, particularly when rendered non-photorealistically. We present an animation tool that takes skeleton-driven 3D computer animations and generates expressive deformations to the character geometry. The technique is based upon the cartooning and animation concepts of 'lines of action' and 'lines of motion' and automatically infuses computer animations with some of the expressiveness displayed by traditional animation. Motion and pose-based expressive deformations are generated from the motion data and the character geometry is warped along each limb's individual line of motion. The effect of this subtle, yet significant, warping is twofold: geometric inter-frame consistency is increased which helps create visually smoother animated sequences, and the warped geometry provides a novel solution to the problem of implied motion in non-photorealistic still images.