A toolset for navigation in virtual environments
UIST '93 Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Navigation and locomotion in virtual worlds via flight into hand-held miniatures
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Virtual reality on a WIM: interactive worlds in miniature
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Worldlets—3D thumbnails for wayfinding in virtual environments
Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Navigation by query in virtual worlds
Proceedings of the sixth international conference on 3D Web technology
Hands-free multi-scale navigation in virtual environments
I3D '01 Proceedings of the 2001 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Exploring 3D navigation: combining speed-coupled flying with orbiting
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Is semitransparency useful for navigating virtual environments?
VRST '01 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Non-invasive interactive visualization of dynamic architectural environments
I3D '03 Proceedings of the 2003 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Travel in Immersive Virtual Environments: An Evaluation of Viewpoint Motion Control Techniques
VRAIS '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS '97)
INFOVIS '00 Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Vizualization 2000
3D location-pointing as a navigation aid in Virtual Environments
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Navigation with Place Representations and Visible Landmarks
VR '04 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2004
The Interactive 3D BreakAway Map: A navigation and examination aid for multi-floor 3D worlds
CW '05 Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Cyberworlds
Overcoming World in Miniature Limitations by a Scaled and Scrolling WIM
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
Evaluation of wayfinding aids interface in virtual environment
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: interaction platforms and techniques
The effects of immersion and body-based rotation on learning multi-level indoor virtual environments
Proceedings of the Fifth ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Indoor Spatial Awareness
The effects of 2D and 3D maps on learning virtual multi-level indoor environments
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on MapInteraction
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Virtual environments (VEs) very often contain buildings that have to be navigated by users. In the literature, several navigation aids based on maps have been proposed for VEs, but in virtual buildings they have been typically used for single-floor scenarios. In this paper, we propose and experimentally evaluate two different navigation aids for multi-floor virtual buildings, one based on 3D maps and the other based on 2D maps. We compared subjects' performance with two different types of tasks: search and direction estimation. While the 2D navigation aid outperformed the 3D one for the search task, there were no significant differences between the two aids for the direction estimation task.