A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Paint by numbers: abstract image representations
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Performance-driven facial animation
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Feature-based image metamorphosis
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications - Special issue on computer-aided geometric design
Animating images with drawings
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Realistic modeling for facial animation
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Computer facial animation
Multiperspective panoramas for cel animation
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Orientable textures for image-based pen-and-ink illustration
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Synthesizing realistic facial expressions from photographs
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Texture mapping for cel animation
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Handbook of discrete and computational geometry
Handbook of discrete and computational geometry
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition
Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition
Active Contours: The Application of Techniques from Graphics,Vision,Control Theory and Statistics to Visual Tracking of Shapes in Motion
Manipulating Facial Appearance through Shape and Color
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Polymorph: Morphing Among Multiple Images
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Computer Vision for Interactive Computer Graphics
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
3-D Motion Estimation in Model-Based Facial Image Coding
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Analysis and Synthesis of Facial Image Sequences Using Physical and Anatomical Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Modeling, Tracking and Interactive Animation of Faces and Heads Using Input from Video
CA '96 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Parametrized structure from motion for 3D adaptive feedback tracking of faces
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Robust face feature analysis for automatic speechreading and character animation
FG '96 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG '96)
Eigen-points: Control-point Location using Principle Component Analyses
FG '96 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG '96)
Facial Analysis and Synthesis Using Image-Based Models
FG '96 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG '96)
SIGGRAPH '81 Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
A unified approach to coding and interpreting face images
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
Automatic recognition of human facial expressions
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
An automatic system for model-based coding of faces
DCC '95 Proceedings of the Conference on Data Compression
Towards an Example-Based Image Compression Architecture for Video-Conferencing
Towards an Example-Based Image Compression Architecture for Video-Conferencing
Example Based Image Analysis and Synthesis
Example Based Image Analysis and Synthesis
3D Modeling and Tracking of Human Lip Motions
ICCV '98 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision
MPEG-4 facial animation technology: survey, implementation, and results
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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We present a novel method for generating performance-driven, "hand-drawn" animation in real-time. Given an annotated set of hand-drawn faces for various expressions, our algorithm performs multi-way morphs to generate real-time animation that mimics the expressions of a user. Our system consists of a vision-based tracking component and a rendering component. Together, they form an animation system that can be used in a variety of applications, including teleconferencing, multi-user virtual worlds, compressed instructional videos, and consumer-oriented animation kits.This paper describes our algorithms in detail and illustrates the potential for this work in a teleconferencing application. Experience with our implementation suggests that there are several advantages to our hand-drawn characters over other alternatives: (1) flexibility of animation style; (2) increased compression of expression information; and (3) masking of errors made by the face tracking system that are distracting in photorealistic animations.