What video can and can't do for collaboration: a case study
MULTIMEDIA '93 Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Multimedia
One is not enough: multiple views in a media space
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
How might people interact with agents
Communications of the ACM
Using a human face in an interface
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
What mix of video and audio is useful for small groups doing remote real-time design work?
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Situated facial displays: towards social interaction
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Talk and embodiment in collaborative virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
My partner is a real dog: cooperation with social agents
CSCW '96 Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Fragmented interaction: establishing mutual orientation in virtual environments
CSCW '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
WACC '99 Proceedings of the international joint conference on Work activities coordination and collaboration
More than just a pretty face: affordances of embodiment
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
The impact of animated interface agents: a review of empirical research
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Video data and video links in mediated communication: what do users value?
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Coordination of communication: effects of shared visual context on collaborative work
CSCW '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
The impact of eye gaze on communication using humanoid avatars
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The impact of status and audio conferencing technology on business meetings
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Explaining effects of eye gaze on mediated group conversations:: amount or synchronization?
CSCW '02 Proceedings of the 2002 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Trials and tribulations of using an eye-tracking system
CHI '00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Where do helpers look?: gaze targets during collaborative physical tasks
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Human-Computer Interaction
Remote conversations: the effects of mediating talk with technology
Human-Computer Interaction
Using the iCat as Avatar in Remote Meetings
Multimodal Signals: Cognitive and Algorithmic Issues
Collaborative Learning in Virtual Classroom Scenarios
EC-TEL '09 Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning: Learning in the Synergy of Multiple Disciplines
Embodied Conversational Agent-Based Kiosk for Automated Interviewing
Journal of Management Information Systems
In-body experiences: embodiment, control, and trust in robot-mediated communication
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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While there is much research regarding audio, video and text based communication, there has been little work concerning how users communicate via avatars-that is graphical embodiments of remote users. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of different forms of representation, by examining how users communicate via high quality video images and basic graphical representations in different communicative contexts. Communication analysis revealed that video images facilitate turn-taking, although they are not necessarily perceived very differently from basic avatars in terms of questionnaire responses. Using eye-tracking techniques, we found that while participants generally gaze more often at video images, this is dependent on the communicative context and is not necessarily an advantage in a problem-solving situation. This study has demonstrated the value of employing various measures and tasks in order to evaluate computer-mediated interactions. The results have implications for the use of video and graphical representations in computer mediated communication and suggest that the benefits of video must be considered in relation to the user's requirements (e.g. communication process versus outcome) and context in which the system is to be applied (e.g. problem-solving or social).