Gradient-based optimization of custom circuits using a static-timing formulation
Proceedings of the 36th annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
ICCAD '99 Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
The IBM eServer z990 microprocessor
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Processor subsystem interconnect architecture for a large symmetric multiprocessing system
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Large-scale nonlinear optimization in circuit tuning
Future Generation Computer Systems
Optimization of silicon technology for the IBM system z9
IBM Journal of Research and Development
High-speed source-synchronous interface for the IBM System z9 processor
IBM Journal of Research and Development
System performance management for the S/390 parallel enterprise server G5
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Chip integration methodology for the IBM S/390 G5 and G6 custom microprocessors
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM eServer z900 high-frequency microprocessor technology, circuits, and design methodology
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Advanced firmware verification using a code simulator for the IBM System z9
IBM Journal of Research and Development
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Cycle-time targets were set for the IBM System z9TM processor subsystem prior to building the system, and achieving these targets was one of the biggest challenges we faced during hardware development. In particular, although the processor-subsystem cycle-time improvement was driven primarily by the technology migration from CMOS 9S (130-nm lithography) for the prior IBM System z990 to CMOS IOSO (90-nm lithography) for the new system, the cooling capability for the System z9 resulted from a direct migration of the System z990 implementation with very limited improvements. The higher device current leakage and power associated with the technology migration, combined with the fixed cooling capability, created a technology challenge in which the subsystem cycle time and performance were potentially limited by cooling capability. Our solution emphasized silicon technology development, chip design, and hardware characterization and tuning. Ultimately, the System z9 processor subsystem achieved operation at 1.7 GHz, which exceeded the original target.