Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
JACK: a toolkit for manipulating articulated figures
UIST '88 Proceedings of the 1st annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User Interface Software
Interactive real-time articulated figure manipulation using multiple kinematic constraints
I3D '90 Proceedings of the 1990 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Making them move
A Kinematic Model of the Human Spine and Torso
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Interactive spacetime control for animation
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Automatic viewing control for 3D direct manipulation
I3D '92 Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
GROOP: an object-oriented toolkit for animated 3D graphics
OOPSLA '93 Proceedings of the eighth annual conference on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications
Inverse kinematics positioning using nonlinear programming for highly articulated figures
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Motion editing with spacetime constraints
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Simulating human tasks using simple natural language instructions
WSC '91 Proceedings of the 23rd conference on Winter simulation
Complex Character Positioning Based on a Compatible Flow Model of Multiple Supports
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
User-Controlled Physics-Based Animation for Articulated Figures
CA '96 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Aesthetic edits for character animation
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Methods for exploring expressive stance
SCA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Methods for exploring expressive stance
Graphical Models - Special issue on SCA 2004
Integrated Analytic and Linearized Inverse Kinematics for Precise Full Body Interactions
MIG '09 Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Motion in Games
A sketching interface for sitting-pose design
Proceedings of the Seventh Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling Symposium
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We describe techniques for interactively controlling bipedal articulated figures through kinematic constraints. These constraints model certain behavioral tendencies which capture some of the characteristics of human-like movement, and give us control over such elements as the figures' balanced and stability. They operate in near real-time, so provide behavioral control for interactive manipulation. These constraints form the basis of an interactive motion-generation system that allows the active movement elements to be layered on top of the passive behavioral constraints.