Virtual reality on five dollars a day
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
On temporal-spatial realism in the virtual reality environment
UIST '91 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Synchronization in virtual realities
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Premier issue
A demonstrated optical tracker with scalable work area for head-mounted display systems
I3D '92 Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Device synchronization using an optimal linear filter
I3D '92 Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Improving static and dynamic registration in an optical see-through HMD
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A frequency-domain analysis of head-motion prediction
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The computer scientist as toolsmith II
Communications of the ACM
Registration errors in augmented reality systems
Registration errors in augmented reality systems
Predictive tracking for augmented reality
Predictive tracking for augmented reality
SCAAT: incremental tracking with incomplete information
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Computer puppetry: An importance-based approach
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
What's Real About Virtual Reality?
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Motion Tracking: No Silver Bullet, but a Respectable Arsenal
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Spacetime Sweeping: An Interactive Dynamic Constraints Solver
CA '02 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
VIS-Tracker: A Wearable Vision-Inertial Self-Tracker
VR '03 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2003
Inertial Head-Tracker Sensor Fusion by a Complimentary Separate-Bias Kalman Filter
VRAIS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS 96)
An Inertial/Optical Hybrid Three-Dimensional Tracking System
An Inertial/Optical Hybrid Three-Dimensional Tracking System
An Introduction to the Kalman Filter
An Introduction to the Kalman Filter
Position trackers for Head Mounted Display systems: A survey
Position trackers for Head Mounted Display systems: A survey
Self-tracker: a smart optical sensor on silicon (vlsi, graphics)
Self-tracker: a smart optical sensor on silicon (vlsi, graphics)
Whisper: a spread spectrum approach to occlusion in acoustic tracking
Whisper: a spread spectrum approach to occlusion in acoustic tracking
High-Performance Wide-Area Optical Tracking: The HiBall Tracking System
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Practical motion capture in everyday surroundings
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
A head-mounted three dimensional display
AFIPS '68 (Fall, part I) Proceedings of the December 9-11, 1968, fall joint computer conference, part I
Detecting 3d position and orientation of a wii remote using webcams
MIG'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Motion in Games
Multimedia Tools and Applications
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In 1960 Rudolph E. Kalman published his now famous article describing a recursive solution to the discrete-data linear filtering problem (Kalman, “A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems,” Transactions of the ASME---Journal of Basic Engineering, 82 (D), 35--45, 1960). Since that time, due in large part to advances in digital computing, the Kalman filter has been the subject of extensive research and applications, particularly in the area of autonomous or assisted navigation. The purpose of this paper is to acknowledge the approaching 50th anniversary of the Kalman filter with a look back at the use of the filter for human motion tracking in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). In recent years there has been an explosion in the use of the Kalman filter in VR/AR. In fact, at technical conferences related to VR these days, it would be unusual to see a paper on tracking that did not use some form of a Kalman filter, or draw comparisons to those that do. As such, rather than attempt a comprehensive survey of all uses of the Kalman filter to date, what follows focuses primarily on the early discovery and subsequent period of evolution of the Kalman filter in VR, along with a few examples of modern commercial systems that use the Kalman filter. This paper begins with a very brief introduction to the Kalman filter, a brief look at the origins of VR, a little about tracking in VR---in particular the work and conditions that gave rise to the use of the filter, and then the evolution of the use of the filter in VR.