Merging virtual objects with the real world: seeing ultrasound imagery within the patient
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A practical evaluation of popular volume rendering algorithms
VVS '00 Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE symposium on Volume visualization
Analysis of Head Pose Accuracy in Augmented Reality
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Recent Advances in Augmented Reality
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Enhancing Transparent Skin Surfaces with Ridge and Valley Lines
VIS '95 Proceedings of the 6th conference on Visualization '95
A Flexible Tracking Concept Applied to Medical Scenarios Using an AR Window
ISMAR '02 Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
ISMAR '02 Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Acceleration Techniques for GPU-based Volume Rendering
Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS'03)
ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Course Notes
Illustrative Context-Preserving Exploration of Volume Data
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
ClearView: An Interactive Context Preserving Hotspot Visualization Technique
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Interactive context-driven visualization tools for augmented reality
ISMAR '06 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Depth perception: a major issue in medical AR: evaluation study by twenty surgeons
MICCAI'06 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - Volume Part I
Feature emphasis and contextual cutaways for multimodal medical visualization
EUROVIS'07 Proceedings of the 9th Joint Eurographics / IEEE VGTC conference on Visualization
Stepping into the operating theater: ARAV — Augmented Reality Aided Vertebroplasty
ISMAR '08 Proceedings of the 7th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Importance masks for revealing occluded objects in augmented reality
Proceedings of the 16th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
On-line visualization of underground structures using context features
Proceedings of the 17th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
DVV: towards a taxonomy for mixed reality visualization in image guided surgery
MIAR'10 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Medical imaging and augmented reality
Augmented reality technologies, systems and applications
Multimedia Tools and Applications
An augmented reality system for surgical pre-operative planning
BEBI'08 Proceedings of the 1st WSEAS international conference on Biomedical electronics and biomedical informatics
ICCSA'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Computational science and its applications - Volume Part IV
Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
Survey Representing information - Classifying the Augmented Reality presentation space
Computers and Graphics
Design and implementation of an augmented reality system using gaze interaction
Multimedia Tools and Applications
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The need to improve medical diagnosis and reduce invasive surgery is dependent upon seeing into a living human system. The use of diverse types of medical imaging and endoscopic instruments has provided significant breakthroughs, but not without limiting the surgeon's natural, intuitive and direct 3D perception into the human body. This paper presents a method for the use of Augmented Reality (AR) for the convergence of improved perception of 3D medical imaging data (mimesis) in context to the patient's own anatomy (in-situ) incorporating the physician's intuitive multi-sensory interaction and integrating direct manipulation with endoscopic instruments. Transparency of the video images recorded by the color cameras of a video see-through, stereoscopic Head-Mounted-Display (HMD) is adjusted according to the position and line of sight of the observer, the shape of the patient's skin and the location of the instrument. The modified video image of the real scene is then blended with the previously rendered virtual anatomy. The effectiveness has been demonstrated in a series of experiments at the Chirurgische Klinik in Munich, Germany with cadaver and in-vivo studies. The results can be applied for designing medical AR training and educational applications.