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CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Human-Computer Interaction
Remote conversations: the effects of mediating talk with technology
Human-Computer Interaction
The role of the face in communication: Implications for videophone design
Interacting with Computers
Impact of video frame rate on communicative behaviour in two and four party groups
CSCW '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
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BT Technology Journal
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WBE'06 Proceedings of the 5th IASTED international conference on Web-based education
An exploratory analysis of partner action and camera control in a video-mediated collaborative task
CSCW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Dynamic shared visual spaces: experimenting with automatic camera control in a remote repair task
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Social enjoyment with electronic photograph displays: Awareness and control
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
ITS '08 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Effect of communication media on developmental relationships: Self-reported and observed behaviors
Computers in Human Behavior
Coordinating high-interdependency tasks in asymmetric distributed teams
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
A comparative evaluation of TV video telephony with webcam and face to face communication
Proceedings of the seventh european conference on European interactive television conference
Evidence from a series of experiments on video-mediated collaboration: does eye contact matter?
CSCL '02 Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning: Foundations for a CSCL Community
CSCL '02 Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning: Foundations for a CSCL Community
The role of the face in communication: Implications for videophone design
Interacting with Computers
Impact of video-mediated communication on simulated service encounters
Interacting with Computers
Videoconferencing in a language learning application
Interacting with Computers
Emotional facial expression interface: effects of displayed facial designs
Proceedings of the Ergonomie et Informatique Avancee Conference
The effect of video feedback delay on frustration and emotion communication accuracy
Computers in Human Behavior
International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction
User-centric video delay measurements
Proceeding of the 23rd ACM Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video
In-body experiences: embodiment, control, and trust in robot-mediated communication
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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A series of experiments are reported in which pairs of subjects performed a collaborative task remotely and communicated either via video and audio links or audio links only. Using the same task (the 'map task'), Boyle et al. (1994) found clear benefits of seeing the face compared with audio-only co-present interaction. Pairs who could see each other needed to say less to achieve the same level of performance as pairs who could only hear each other. In contrast to these findings, in all three experiments reported here, users of video links produced longer and more interrupted dialogues than those who had audio links only, although there were no differences in performance. Performance was affected when the video links were of low bandwidth, resulting in transmission delays. The drop in accuracy was correlated with a significant increase in levels of interrupted speech. We also compared the structure of dialogues and the use of gaze in high-quality video-mediated communication with those produced in face-to-face co-present interactions. Results show that both face-to-face and video-mediated speakers use visual cues to check for mutual understanding. When they cannot see each other such checks need to be conducted verbally, accounting for the length effect in dialogues. However, despite using visual cues in the same way as face-to-face speakers, video does not provide the same advantage of shorter and less interrupted dialogues. In addition, users of video gaze far more overall than face-to-face speakers. We suggest that when speakers are not physically co-present they are less confident in general that they have mutual understanding, even though they can see their interlocutors, and therefore over-compensate by increasing the level of both verbal and nonverbal information.