CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Psychological Effects of Behavior Patterns of a Mobile Personal Robot
Autonomous Robots
Range: exploring implicit interaction through electronic whiteboard design
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Making sense of agentic objects and teleoperation: in-the-moment and reflective perspectives
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
Judging a bot by its cover: an experiment on expectation setting for personal robots
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Can i help you?: a spatial attention system for a receptionist robot
ICSR'10 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Social robotics
A human detection system for proxemics interaction
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Human-robot interaction
Yelling in the hall: using sidetone to address a problem with mobile remote presence systems
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
HRI '12 Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction
HRI '12 Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction
Proxemic feature recognition for interactive robots: automating metrics from the social sciences
ICSR'11 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Social Robotics
ICSR'11 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Social Robotics
Approaching a person in a socially acceptable manner using a fast marching planner
ICIRA'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications - Volume Part II
Space, speech, and gesture in human-robot interaction
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
Proceedings of the Workshop on Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems
Avoiding moving persons by using simple trajectory prediction and spatio temporal planning
KI'12 Proceedings of the 35th Annual German conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
ICSR'12 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Social Robotics
Older adults' medication management in the home: how can robots help?
Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
Human-aware robot navigation: A survey
Robotics and Autonomous Systems
Evaluating directional cost models in navigation
Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Destination unknown: walking side-by-side without knowing the goal
Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Spatial and other social engagement cues in a child-robot interaction: effects of a sidekick
Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
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As robots enter the everyday physical world of people, it is important that they abide by society's unspoken social rules such as respecting people's personal spaces. In this paper, we explore issues related to human personal space around robots, beginning with a review of the existing literature in human-robot interaction regarding the dimensions of people, robots, and contexts that influence human-robot interactions. We then present several research hypotheses which we tested in a controlled experiment (N=30). Using a 2 (robotics experience vs. none: between-participants) × 2 (robot head oriented toward a participant's face vs. legs: within-participants) mixed design experiment, we explored the factors that influence proxemic behavior around robots in several situations: (1) people approaching a robot, (2) people being approached by an autonomously moving robot, and (3) people being approached by a teleoperated robot. We found that personal experience with pets and robots decreases a person's personal space around robots. In addition, when the robot's head is oriented toward the person's face, it increases the minimum comfortable distance for women, but decreases the minimum comfortable distance for men. We also found that the personality trait of agreeableness decreases personal spaces when people approach robots, while the personality trait of neuroticism and having negative attitudes toward robots increase personal spaces when robots approach people. These results have implications for both human-robot interaction theory and design.