Drawings on napkins, video-game animation, and other ways to program computers
Communications of the ACM
Alice: a 3-D tool for introductory programming concepts
CCSC '00 Proceedings of the fifth annual CCSC northeastern conference on The journal of computing in small colleges
In support of student pair-programming
Proceedings of the thirty-second SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer Science Education
Studying the language and structure in non-programmers' solutions to programming problems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Phidgets: easy development of physical interfaces through physical widgets
Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Physical programming: designing tools for children to create physical interactive environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The impact of human-centered features on the usability of a programming system for children
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tangible programming elements for young children
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Smooth meshes for sketch-based freeform modeling
I3D '03 Proceedings of the 2003 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
The impact of pair programming on student performance, perception and persistence
Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering
C5 '04 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing
From turtles to Tangible Programming Bricks: explorations in physical language design
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Extending tangible interfaces for education: digital montessori-inspired manipulatives
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Finding design qualities in a tangible programming space
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Storytelling alice motivates middle school girls to learn computer programming
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tangible programming in the classroom with tern
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Kodu: end-user programming and design for games
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games
The relationship of action research to human-computer interaction
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
T-Maze: a tangible programming tool for children
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children
Personifying programming tool feedback improves novice programmers' learning
Proceedings of the seventh international workshop on Computing education research
Analysis of social gameplay macros in the Foldit cookbook
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games
CodeSpells: embodying the metaphor of wizardry for programming
Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education
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An intergenerational design team of children (ages 7-11 years old) along with graduate students and faculty in computer science and information studies developed a programming language for children, Toque. Concrete real-world cooking scenarios were used as programming metaphors to support an accessible programming learning experience. The Wiimote and Nunchuk were used as physical programming input devices. The programs that were created were pictorial recipes which dynamically controlled animations of an on-screen chef preparing virtual dishes in a graphical kitchen environment. Through multiple design sessions, programming strategies were explored, cooking metaphors were developed and, prototypes of the Toque environment were iterated. Results of these design experiences have shown us the importance of pair-programming, programming by storytelling, parallel programming, function-argument relationships, and the role of tangibility in overcoming challenges with constraints imposed by the system design.