Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Virtual environments: Virtual environments and mobile robots: Control, simulation, and robot pilot training
Map Usage in Virtual Environments: Orientation Issues
VR '99 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality
Maintaining Usability During 3D Placement Despite Delay
VR '03 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2003
Effects of network delay on a collaborative motor task with telehaptic and televisual feedback
VRCAI '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH international conference on Virtual Reality continuum and its applications in industry
Control gain adaptation in virtual reality mediated human–telerobot interaction: Research Articles
Human Factors in Ergonomics & Manufacturing
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART conference on Human-robot interaction
Attaining situational awareness for sliding autonomy
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART conference on Human-robot interaction
Comparing the usefulness of video and map information in navigation tasks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART conference on Human-robot interaction
An investigation of real world control of robotic assets under communication latency
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART conference on Human-robot interaction
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
The benefits of multimodal information: a meta-analysis comparing visual and visual-tactile feedback
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Human control for cooperating robot teams
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Managing autonomy in robot teams: observations from four experiments
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Developing performance metrics for the supervisory control of multiple robots
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
A field experiment of autonomous mobility: operator workload for one and two robots
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Assessing the scalability of a multiple robot interface
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
LASSOing HRI: analyzing situation awareness in map-centric and video-centric interfaces
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Judging Perceived and Traversed Distance in Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Assessing cooperation in human control of heterogeneous robots
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
Multiple robot / single human interaction: effects on perceived workload
Behaviour & Information Technology
How search and its subtasks scale in N robots
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
On using mixed-initiative control: a perspective for managing large-scale robotic teams
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
Bandwidth allocation in a military teleoperation task
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Human teams for large scale multirobot control
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
Operating multiple semi-autonomous UGVs: navigation, strategies, and instantaneous performance
EPCE'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics
Human Performance Issues and User Interface Design for Teleoperated Robots
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Task-driven camera operations for robotic exploration
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Review of Low Frame Rate Effects on Human Performance
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Multimodal interaction: A suitable strategy for including older users?
Interacting with Computers
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Working with artificial agents is a challenging endeavor, often imposing high levels of workload on human operators who work within these socio-technical systems. We seek to understand these workload demands through examining the literature in major content areas of human-robot interaction. As research on HRI continues to explore a host of issues with operator workload, there is a need to synthesize the extant literature to determine its current state and to guide future research. Within HRI socio-technical systems, we reviewed the empirical literature on operator information processing and action execution. Using multiple resource theory (MRT; Wickens, 2002) as a guiding framework, we organized this review by the operator perceptual and responding demands which are routinely manipulated in HRI studies. We also reviewed the utility of different interventions for reducing the strain on the perceptual system (e.g., multimodal displays) and responses (e.g., automation). Our synthesis of the literature demonstrates that much is known about how to decrease operator workload, but there are specific gaps in knowledge due to study operations and methodology. This work furthers our understanding of workload in complex environments such as those found when working with robots. Principles and propositions are provided for those interested in decreasing operator workload in applied settings and also for future research.