SOAR: an architecture for general intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems: networks of plausible inference
Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems: networks of plausible inference
Case-based reasoning
Fast algorithms for finding randomized strategies in game trees
STOC '94 Proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
Temporal difference learning and TD-Gammon
Communications of the ACM
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Using probabilistic knowledge and simulation to play poker
AAAI '99/IAAI '99 Proceedings of the sixteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence and the eleventh Innovative applications of artificial intelligence conference innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Dealing with imperfect information in poker
Dealing with imperfect information in poker
Artificial Intelligence - Chips challenging champions: games, computers and Artificial Intelligence
World-championship-caliber Scrabble
Artificial Intelligence - Chips challenging champions: games, computers and Artificial Intelligence
Inside Case-Based Reasoning
Finite-time Analysis of the Multiarmed Bandit Problem
Machine Learning
Machine learning in games: a survey
Machines that learn to play games
GIB: Steps Toward an Expert-Level Bridge-Playing Program
IJCAI '99 Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Poker as Testbed for AI Research
AI '98 Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Abstraction Methods for Game Theoretic Poker
CG '00 Revised Papers from the Second International Conference on Computers and Games
Excessive Gap Technique in Nonsmooth Convex Minimization
SIAM Journal on Optimization
Lossless abstraction of imperfect information games
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Algorithms and assessment in computer poker
Algorithms and assessment in computer poker
A near-optimal strategy for a heads-up no-limit Texas Hold'em poker tournament
Proceedings of the 6th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Proceedings of the 6th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 2
Computing an approximate jam/fold equilibrium for 3-player no-limit Texas Hold'em tournaments
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 2
Pattern Classification in No-Limit Poker: A Head-Start Evolutionary Approach
CAI '07 Proceedings of the 20th conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
CASPER: A Case-Based Poker-Bot
AI '08 Proceedings of the 21st Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Abstraction pathologies in extensive games
Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 2
A demonstration of the Polaris poker system
Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 2
Adaptive play in Texas Hold'em Poker
Proceedings of the 2008 conference on ECAI 2008: 18th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
AAAI'06 proceedings of the 21st national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
AAAI'07 Proceedings of the 22nd national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
A new algorithm for generating equilibria in massive zero-sum games
AAAI'07 Proceedings of the 22nd national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
AAAI'08 Proceedings of the 23rd national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 3
Approximating game-theoretic optimal strategies for full-scale poker
IJCAI'03 Proceedings of the 18th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
Generating and solving imperfect information games
IJCAI'95 Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
The *-minimax search procedure for trees containing chance nodes
Artificial Intelligence
Probabilistic state translation in extensive games with large action sets
IJCAI'09 Proceedings of the 21st international jont conference on Artifical intelligence
Monte-Carlo Tree Search in Poker Using Expected Reward Distributions
ACML '09 Proceedings of the 1st Asian Conference on Machine Learning: Advances in Machine Learning
A Memory-Based Approach to Two-Player Texas Hold'em
AI '09 Proceedings of the 22nd Australasian Joint Conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
No-limit texas hold'em poker agents created with evolutionary neural networks
CIG'09 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computational Intelligence and Games
Efficient selectivity and backup operators in Monte-Carlo tree search
CG'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computers and games
Gradient-based algorithms for finding Nash equilibria in extensive form games
WINE'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Internet and network economics
Using counterfactual regret minimization to create competitive multiplayer poker agents
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: volume 1 - Volume 1
Speeding up gradient-based algorithms for sequential games
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: volume 1 - Volume 1
UAI'99 Proceedings of the Fifteenth conference on Uncertainty in artificial intelligence
Bandit based monte-carlo planning
ECML'06 Proceedings of the 17th European conference on Machine Learning
Similarity-Based retrieval and solution re-use policies in the game of texas hold'em
ICCBR'10 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development
Game-Tree search with adaptation in stochastic imperfect-information games
CG'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computers and Games
Successful performance via decision generalisation in no limit texas hold'em
ICCBR'11 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development
SARTRE: a case-based poker web app
Proceedings of The 8th Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment: Playing the System
Decision generalisation from game logs in no limit texas Hold'em
IJCAI'13 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence
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The game of poker has been identified as a beneficial domain for current AI research because of the properties it possesses such as the need to deal with hidden information and stochasticity. The identification of poker as a useful research domain has inevitably resulted in increased attention from academic researchers who have pursued many separate avenues of research in the area of computer poker. The poker domain has often featured in previous review papers that focus on games in general, however a comprehensive review paper with a specific focus on computer poker has so far been lacking in the literature. In this paper, we present a review of recent algorithms and approaches in the area of computer poker, along with a survey of the autonomous poker agents that have resulted from this research. We begin with the first serious attempts to create strong computerised poker players by constructing knowledge-based and simulation-based systems. This is followed by the use of computational game theory to construct robust poker agents and the advances that have been made in this area. Approaches to constructing exploitive agents are reviewed and the challenging problems of creating accurate and dynamic opponent models are addressed. Finally, we conclude with a selection of alternative approaches that have received attention in previously published material and the interesting problems that they pose.