Measuring the performance potential of chess programs
Artificial Intelligence - Special issue on computer chess
Using knowledge about the opponent in game-tree search
Using knowledge about the opponent in game-tree search
Temporal difference learning and TD-Gammon
Communications of the ACM
Representations and solutions for game-theoretic problems
Artificial Intelligence - Special issue on economic principles of multi-agent systems
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Using probabilistic knowledge and simulation to play poker
AAAI '99/IAAI '99 Proceedings of the sixteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence and the eleventh Innovative applications of artificial intelligence conference innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Dealing with imperfect information in poker
Dealing with imperfect information in poker
Studies in machine cognition using the game of poker
Communications of the ACM
Programming backgammon using self-teaching neural nets
Artificial Intelligence - Chips challenging champions: games, computers and Artificial Intelligence
World-championship-caliber Scrabble
Artificial Intelligence - Chips challenging champions: games, computers and Artificial Intelligence
Machines that learn to play games
GIB: Steps Toward an Expert-Level Bridge-Playing Program
IJCAI '99 Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Simulation Approaches to General Probabilistic Inference on Belief Networks
UAI '89 Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence
Weighing and Integrating Evidence for Stochastic Simulation in Bayesian Networks
UAI '89 Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence
GIB: imperfect information in a computationally challenging game
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Incorporating opponent models into adversary search
AAAI'96 Proceedings of the thirteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
AAAI'96 Proceedings of the thirteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
UAI'99 Proceedings of the Fifteenth conference on Uncertainty in artificial intelligence
World-championship-caliber Scrabble
Artificial Intelligence - Chips challenging champions: games, computers and Artificial Intelligence
Abstracting Imperfect Information Game Trees
Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Abstraction, Reformulation and Approximation
A lightweight rule-based Al engine for mobile games
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology
Finding equilibria in large sequential games of imperfect information
EC '06 Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on Electronic commerce
Machine Learning
Universal parameter optimisation in games based on SPSA
Machine Learning
Machine Learning
A Texas Hold'em poker player based on automated abstraction and real-time equilibrium computation
AAMAS '06 Proceedings of the fifth international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Construction of poker playing system considering strategies
Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Game research and development
Lossless abstraction of imperfect information games
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Proceedings of the 6th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Graphical models for online solutions to interactive POMDPs
Proceedings of the 6th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Bidding decision model for the card game Tarok
CIMMACS'06 Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Man-Machine Systems and Cybernetics
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 2
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems: demo papers
On the usefulness of opponent modeling: the Kuhn Poker case study
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 3
Pattern Classification in No-Limit Poker: A Head-Start Evolutionary Approach
CAI '07 Proceedings of the 20th conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Caveat mercator in electronic commerce: An update
Decision Support Systems
An Experimental Approach to Online Opponent Modeling in Texas Hold'em Poker
SBIA '08 Proceedings of the 19th Brazilian Symposium on Artificial Intelligence: Advances in Artificial Intelligence
CASPER: A Case-Based Poker-Bot
AI '08 Proceedings of the 21st Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Advances in Artificial Intelligence
A Heuristic-Based Approach for a Betting Strategy in Texas Hold'em Poker
Proceedings of the 2008 conference on Tenth Scandinavian Conference on Artificial Intelligence: SCAI 2008
Building Policies for Scrabble
Proceedings of the 2008 conference on Artificial Intelligence Research and Development: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the Catalan Association for Artificial Intelligence
Adaptive play in Texas Hold'em Poker
Proceedings of the 2008 conference on ECAI 2008: 18th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Opponent Modelling in Texas Hold'em Poker as the Key for Success
Proceedings of the 2008 conference on ECAI 2008: 18th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
AAAI'06 proceedings of the 21st national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Monte Carlo go has a way to go
AAAI'06 proceedings of the 21st national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Machine learning in digital games: a survey
Artificial Intelligence Review
Optimal Rhode Island Hold'em poker
AAAI'05 Proceedings of the 20th national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 4
AAAI'07 Proceedings of the 22nd national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
AAAI'08 Proceedings of the 23rd national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 3
IJCAI'07 Proceedings of the 20th international joint conference on Artifical intelligence
Approximating game-theoretic optimal strategies for full-scale poker
IJCAI'03 Proceedings of the 18th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
Probabilistic state translation in extensive games with large action sets
IJCAI'09 Proceedings of the 21st international jont conference on Artifical intelligence
Analysis of a winning computational billiards player
IJCAI'09 Proceedings of the 21st international jont conference on Artifical intelligence
A Scrabble Heuristic Based on Probability That Performs at Championship Level
MICAI '09 Proceedings of the 8th Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence
A Memory-Based Approach to Two-Player Texas Hold'em
AI '09 Proceedings of the 22nd Australasian Joint Conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Associating domain-dependent knowledge and Monte Carlo approaches within a Go program
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Monte Carlo search applied to card selection in magic: the gathering
CIG'09 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computational Intelligence and Games
No-limit texas hold'em poker agents created with evolutionary neural networks
CIG'09 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computational Intelligence and Games
Virtual global search: application to 9×9 Go
CG'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computers and games
Gradient-based algorithms for finding Nash equilibria in extensive form games
WINE'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Internet and network economics
Backpropagation modification in Monte-Carlo game tree search
IITA'09 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Intelligent information technology application
Monte Carlo tree search in Kriegspiel
Artificial Intelligence
An exploitative Monte-Carlo poker agent
KI'09 Proceedings of the 32nd annual German conference on Advances in artificial intelligence
Smoothing Techniques for Computing Nash Equilibria of Sequential Games
Mathematics of Operations Research
Success, strategy and skill: an experimental study
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: volume 1 - Volume 1
Systematic improvement of Monte-Carlo tree search with self-generated neural-networks controllers
LION'10 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Learning and intelligent optimization
Artificial Intelligence
RVAB: rational varied-depth search in Siguo game
AICI'11 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Artificial intelligence and computational intelligence - Volume Part III
Bandit based monte-carlo planning
ECML'06 Proceedings of the 17th European conference on Machine Learning
Monte-Carlo tree search in settlers of catan
ACG'09 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Advances in Computer Games
Move-Pruning techniques for monte-carlo go
ACG'05 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Advances in Computer Games
ACG'05 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Advances in Computer Games
Solving probabilistic combinatorial games
ACG'05 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Advances in Computer Games
Efficient control of selective simulations
CG'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computers and Games
Game-Tree search with adaptation in stochastic imperfect-information games
CG'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computers and Games
Rediscovering *-MINIMAX search
CG'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computers and Games
Associating shallow and selective global tree search with monte carlo for 9 × 9 go
CG'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computers and Games
Real-time opponent modelling in trick-taking card games
IJCAI'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume Volume One
Understanding individual play sequences using growing self organizing maps
ICONIP'12 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part I
Opponent's style modeling based on situations for bayesian poker
AI'12 Proceedings of the 25th Australasian joint conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Simulation, learning, and optimization techniques in Watson's game strategies
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Analysis of watson's strategies for playing Jeopardy!
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
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Poker is an interesting test-bed for artificial intelligence research. It is a game of imperfect information, where multiple competing agents must deal with probabilistic knowledge, risk assessment, and possible deception, not unlike decisions made in the real world. Opponent modeling is another difficult problem in decision-making applications, and it is essential to achieving high performance in poker. This paper describes the design considerations and architecture of the poker program Poki. In addition to methods for hand evaluation and betting strategy, Poki uses learning techniques to construct statistical models of each opponent, and dynamically adapts to exploit observed patterns and tendencies. The result is a program capable of playing reasonably strong poker, but there remains considerable research to be done to play at world-class level. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.