An evaluation of earcons for use in auditory human-computer interfaces
INTERCHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 conference on Human factors in computing systems
SpeechSkimmer: interactively skimming recorded speech
UIST '93 Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Water lamp and pinwheels: ambient projection of digital information into architectural space
CHI 98 Cconference Summary on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Support for multitasking and background awareness using interactive peripheral displays
Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The coming age of calm technolgy
Beyond calculation
Designing earcons with musical grammars
ACM SIGCAPH Computers and the Physically Handicapped
Informative art: information visualization in everyday environments
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and South East Asia
Heuristic evaluation of ambient displays
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
User interface design for electronic appliances
User interface design for electronic appliances
The Hapticon Editor: A Tool in Support of Haptic Communication Research
HAPTICS '03 Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems (HAPTICS'03)
Tactons: structured tactile messages for non-visual information display
AUIC '04 Proceedings of the fifth conference on Australasian user interface - Volume 28
ComSlipper: an expressive design to support awareness and availability
CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Exploring wearable ambient displays for social awareness
CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Crowdsourcing user studies with Mechanical Turk
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Auditory icons: using sound in computer interfaces
Human-Computer Interaction
Earcons and icons: their structure and common design principles
Human-Computer Interaction
The SonicFinder: an interface that uses auditory icons
Human-Computer Interaction
Texture displays: a passive approach to tactile presentation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Light bodies: exploring interactions with responsive lights
Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction
Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction
Pediluma: motivating physical activity through contextual information and social influence
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction
Bouncing glow: methods of creating content elements for one-pixel-displays
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction
Kineticons: using iconographic motion in graphical user interface design
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Instrumenting the crowd: using implicit behavioral measures to predict task performance
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Volumetric linear gradient: methods for and applications of a simple volumetric display
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Focused and casual interactions: allowing users to vary their level of engagement
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
StickEar: making everyday objects respond to sound
Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
BitWear: a platform for small, connected, interactive devices
Proceedings of the adjunct publication of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
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Small point lights (e.g., LEDs) are used as indicators in a wide variety of devices today, from digital watches and toasters, to washing machines and desktop computers. Although exceedingly simple in their output - varying light intensity over time - their design space can be rich. Unfortunately, a survey of contemporary uses revealed that the vocabulary of lighting expression in popular use today is small, fairly unimaginative, and generally ambiguous in meaning. In this paper, we work through a structured design process that points the way towards a much richer set of expressive forms and more effective communication for this very simple medium. In this process, we make use of five different data gathering and evaluation components to leverage the knowledge, opinions and expertise of people outside our team. Our work starts by considering what information is typically conveyed in this medium. We go on to consider potential expressive forms -- how information might be conveyed. We iteratively refine and expand these sets, concluding with ideas gathered from a panel of designers. Our final step was to make use of thousands of human judgments, gathered in a crowd-sourced fashion (265 participants), to measure the suitability of different expressive forms for conveying different information content. This results in a set of recommended light behaviors that mobile devices, such as smartphones, could readily employ.