Introduction to programmable active memories
Systolic array processors
SPAA '92 Proceedings of the fourth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and architectures
Fast algorithms for volume ray tracing
VVS '92 Proceedings of the 1992 workshop on Volume visualization
Cube-3: a real-time architecture for high-resolution volume visualization
VVS '94 Proceedings of the 1994 symposium on Volume visualization
Plasma: an FPGA for million gate systems
Proceedings of the 1996 ACM fourth international symposium on Field-programmable gate arrays
Cube-4—a scalable architecture for real-time volume rendering
Proceedings of the 1996 symposium on Volume visualization
Optical Models for Direct Volume Rendering
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Memory and Processing Architecture for 3D Voxel-Based Imagery
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Teramac-configurable custom computing
FCCM '95 Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on FPGA's for Custom Computing Machines
Fast Volume Rendering Using a Shear-Warp Factorization of the Viewing Transformation
Fast Volume Rendering Using a Shear-Warp Factorization of the Viewing Transformation
Towards a scalable architecture for real-time volume rendering
EGGH'95 Proceedings of the Tenth Eurographics conference on Graphics Hardware
Design of a high performance volume visualization system
HWWS '97 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
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We present two implementations of the Cube-4 volume rendering architecture on the Teramac custom computing machine. Cube-4 uses a sliceparallel ray-casting algorithm that allows for a parallel and pipelined implementation of ray-casting with tri-linear interpolation and surface normal estimation from interpolated samples. Shading, classification and compositing are part of rendering pipeline. With the partitioning schemes introduced in this paper, Cube-4 is capable of rendering large datasets with a limited number of pipelines. The Teramac hardware simulator at the Hewlett-Packard research laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, on which Cube-4 was implemented, belongs to the new class of custom computing machines. Teramac combines the speed of special-purpose hardware with the flexibility of general-purpose computers. With Teramac as a development tool we were able to implement in just five weeks working Cube-4 prototypes, capable of rendering for example datasets of 1283 voxels in 0.65 seconds at 0.96 MHz processing frequency. The performance results from these implementations indicate real-time performance for high-resolution data-sets.